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Home > Crisis of Democracy in Pakistan: Role of Leadership and Systemic Factors 1988-1999

Crisis of Democracy in Pakistan: Role of Leadership and Systemic Factors 1988-1999

Thesis Info

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Author

Khan, Muhammad Ilyas

Supervisor

Husnul Amin

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Politics & International Relations

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11137/1/Muhammad%20Ilyas%20Khan_Politics%20%26%20IR_2019_IIU_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724580906

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Pakistan suffered from the crisis of democracy many times. Its history stands witness to the frequent dissolution of assemblies before the completion of their respective constitutional terms, the intermittent breakdown of the constitutions, take-over of military, disintegration and perpetual bad governance. The study attempts to unfold the rivalries behind the crisis of democracy that did not allow democracy to take roots in the period 1988 to 1999. It seeks to analyze that how the role of leadership both in government and in opposition through their mutual rivalries for political and economic gains generated a wave of political crisis that in turn gave birth to the crisis of democracy in the period and to what extent systemic factors played their role in deepening the crisis of democracy during 1990s. The state of affairs, in the period 1990s, was the result of the leadership and their personal gains and losses as well as of systemic factors out of their rivalries that made democracy suffered. The study attempted to analyze the role of leadership in the persons of Benazir and of Nawaz Sharif in their respective terms in office as the head of the government and the head of the opposition that how they played their role in the crisis of democracy in the period under study as well as the role of the President in the persons of Ghulam Ishaq Khan, of Farooq Ahmed Khan, and of General Pervaiz Musharruf. There were existed certain kinds of rivalries among them that was repeated and escalated and created crisis that gave way to an integrated group of elites to play their role in deepening the crises. Consequently, democracy was suffered in the period 1988-99. Systemic factors were an integrated group of elites that influenced the political system of Pakistan and played their role in deepening the crisis of democracy in the period. The group consisted of elites both political and non-political and played a decisive role in the crisis. Besides, it was a perpetual and manipulating factor in the crisis and worked as a group. The group collaborated with the man at the helm based on similar interests against the common rival. It was heterogeneous in the making consisting of political-religious-civil military-judicial elites. It remained united throughout the decade of democracy and played their role in deepening the crises. Consequently, democracy suffered from crisis in the period 1988-99. The popular and semi-academic discussion regarding civil- military tension and crisis of democracy generally lead to a conclusion that the institution of military is the main cause and politicians are the main victims in the derailment of democracy. Whereas the researcher finds himself in partial agreement with the above stated conclusion, his research has concluded the complex process of power struggle and internal rivalries among the power elites. Based on rigors study of these processes, his thesis conclusion is that mutual rivalries among the power elites both systemic factor and leadership against each other result into the derailment of democracy Besides, the research is qualitative and descriptive-analytical method is used to analyze the data collected. Moreover, power elite theory is applied to substantiate the study as Pakistan is in the grip of power elites that incorporate all kind of elites related with power in the state. Moreover, the researcher has used primary and secondary methods for the collection of data.
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حقیقت کا اقرار

حقیقت کا اقرار
استفہام کا ایک بلیغ موقع استعمال وہ بھی ہے جب مخاطب سے کسی ایسی بات کا اقرار کرانا ہو جس کی نوعیت ہو تو ایک بدیہی حقیقت کی لیکن مخاطب اس کو تسلیم کرنے کے باوجود عملاً اس سے منحرف ہو۔ جیسے آیت ذیل :
" هَلْ أَتَى عَلَى الْإِنْسَانِ حِينٌ مِنَ الدَّهْرِ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْئًا مَذْكُورًا" “[ ]
"انسان پر کبھی ایسا وقت آیاہے کہ نہیں جب وہ کوئی قابل چیز نہیں تھا" کی تفسیر میں مولانا امین اصلاحی کانقطہ نظر ہے یہ محض ایک سادہ خبریہ جملہ نہیں ہے بلکہ اس کے اندر بہت سے معانی مضمر ہیں۔ مثلاً:
۱۔ ایک عظیم حق کی یاددہانی ہے جو اس پر عائد ہوتا ہے اور جس سے اس کے لیے انکار کی گنجائش نہیں ہے لیکن اس کا رویہ اس کے منافی ہے۔
۲۔اس میں ملامت ‘ غصہ ‘ رنج اور اظہار حسرت کے بھی گوناگوں پہلو ہیں۔
۳۔اس میں نہایت مبنی برحقیقت گلہ و شکوہ بھی ہے اور نہایت موثر اپیل بھی۔
۴۔ استفہامیہ اسلوب نے اس حسن فکر کو بیدار کرنا چاہا ہے کہ انسان کی نظروں سے خدا اوجھل ہے تو اس کا اپنا وجود تو اوجھل نہیں ہے ‘ وہ خود اپنے اندر خدا کی قدرت و حکمت اور اس کے عدل و رحمت کی نشانیاں دیکھ سکتا ہے۔[ ]
" قُلْ لِمَنْ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ قُلْ لِلَّهِ" “[ ]
"ان سے پوچھوکہ آسمانوں اور زمین میں جو کچھ ہے وہ کس کی ملکیت ہے(پھر اگر وہ جواب نہ دیں توخود ہی )کہہ دو کہ اللہ ہی کی ملکیت ہے"۔
مولانا امین احسن اصلاحی کی تحقیق کےمطابق قرآن مجید میں جہاں جہاں سوال کر کے مخاطب کے جواب کا انتظار کیے بغیر خود اس کا جواب دیا ہے۔ غور کرنے سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ...

Cultural Linkages Between the People of Sindh and Japan

Japan and the land of present Pakistan had cultural linkages since ages. Sindh has remained important part of this land. The Indus civilization had trade links with other countries including Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations. This trend continued afterwards, and trade relations were established between people of Sindh and Japan in the nineteenth century. This interaction led both the countries to have cultural linkages. Presently many Sindhis are residing in Japan who have adopted Japanese culture besides maintaining their own cultural traditions and customs. Sindhi poetry adopted Japanese Haiku and ‘Safarnamas’ were written in Sindhi language grasping the living and traditions, etc. Of Japan. This research paper also discusses that both countries’ people have similar style of sitting together and exchange of opinions and happenings of the day which is traditionally called ‘Katchehry’ in Sindh.

Efficient Framework for Macroblock Prediction and Parallel Task Assignment in Video Coding

Video coding is an integral part of numerous real-time multimedia applications such as video telephony, telemedicine, video conferencing and video streaming. In real-time mul- timedia systems or power constrained systems, the coding performance of modern video coding standards such as High E ciency Video Coding (HEVC) and H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC), is limited by computational complexity. This thesis presents research work to develop techniques to reduce the computational complexity of video encoders and to exploit their data and task level parallelism. These techniques aim to provide signi cant complexity saving as well as improving coding e ciency. A computationally e cient framework for macroblock prediction is developed to re- duce the computational complexity and overheads related to the macroblock prediction process in video encoding. The framework consists of several innovative techniques to exclude as many intra and inter prediction modes as possible prior to the RDO (rate distortion optimization) process. In the best case, the proposed framework selects one MB type either intra or inter and one corresponding near-optimal prediction mode, so that the complete RDO process is neglected. Simulation results show that the proposed framework achieves signi cant complexity savings without any signi cant degradation in video quality. In addition, a complexity reduction technique for motion compensation is developed to perform inter prediction. This addresses the computational complexity issues related to both interpolation and data manipulation modules of the motion compensation process. The end results of the experiments display that this method prominently decreases the computational complexity without loss in rate-distortion performance. Finally, an end-to-end hybrid hardware-software implementation scheme based on pipelin- ing and multitasking for advanced video coding is presented. This scheme exploits the task and data level parallelism in video encoders to improve their coding e ciency. The parallelism is exploited at both coarse-grain level andne-grain level. The coarse-grain level parallelism exploitation is done by concurrently executing multiple tasks on di er- ent processing cores whilene-grain level parallelism is achieved by using SIMD (single instruction multiple data) instructions. Such exploitation of parallelism also helps to better utilize the computational power o ered by advanced media processors. The out- comes of the experiments reveal that suggested scheme has resulted in enhancing the encoding rate and reducing power consumption. In theeld of video coding the main achievement of this research can be given in a nut shell as: (a) Development of computationally e cient techniques for macroblock predic- tion type and partition selection. (b) Development of complexity reduction algorithm based on intra and inter prediction mode selection. (c) Development of a computation- ally e cient scheme for motion compensation. Finally, (d) development of end-to-end vii hybrid implementation scheme for H.264/AVC encoder that exploits its data and task level parallelism to improve coding e ciency. These innovative techniques may prove handy in real-time implementation of H.264/AVC and HEVC video encoders in computationally constrained environments as is the case in general purpose computers and low-power mobile devices.