VII Abstract Abstract Abstract Crop sector is an important sub-sector of the agricultural sector and is considered a vital part of Pakistan''s economy. This sub-sector contributed about 39.6 percent in the agricultural sector value added, during 2014-15. All major food crops, vegetables, oilseeds and fruits are produced in Pakistan due to its different ecological regions, climate change, soil types and sufficient water. Trends show a stagnant pattern of crop diversification in crop sector in terms of grains, cash crops, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and other minor crops from 1980-81 to 2014-15. The Herfindahl Index (HI) was used to check the level of concentration and diversification in the structure of crops in Pakistan. The Herfindahl index values showed a high level of crop concentration in the country''s crop sector and required to be diversified towards high-value crops. The ARIMA (1,1,1) model of Time Series data was used to examine the impact of various factors on Transformed Herfindahl Index of diversity. To determine the impact of demand side factors on the Transformed Herfindahl Index. The regression coefficients of profitability of minor crops, per capita income and urbanization showed positive and significant relationship with diversification of crops. To check the influence of supply side factors; the length of roads was adopted in the model to check the impact of infrastructural development. The regression coefficient of roads showed a positive and significant relationship with the diversification of crops. The technology was determined with the help of fertilizers, the number of tubewells, production of tractors in numbers and Net Area Sown. The regression coefficients of fertilizers, number of tubewells and production of tractors in numbers showed positive and significant influence on the diversification of crops. The regression coefficient of Net Area Sown showed a negative relationship with the diversification of crops, but it was insignificant. The availability of water (MAF) for irrigation purposes showed a positive and significant relationship VIII with the diversification of crops. To determine the impact of climate, the average rainfall regression coefficient showed a negative and very significant impact with diversification of crops. In addition, results concluded that the average income per hectare of minor crops is higher than the average income per hectare of the major crops. This showed that farmers'' income increased through the diversification of crops towards high-value crops in Pakistan. To check the impact of various factors on the Index of High Value Crops, the credit availability, local production of oilseed crops, agricultural machinery, number of tubewells and urbanization regression coefficients showed positive and significant relationship with IHVC. The regression coefficient of import of oilseeds showed a negative and very significant impact on the Index of High Value crops in Pakistan. This showed that the huge import of oilseeds cost the public exchequer badly. The ADF unit root tests were used to check Stationarity of variables at levels. It showed that variables adopted in models were non-stationary at levels and turned out to be stationary with the first difference. LM test was used to check for a serial correlation in the errors of the regression model and found no serial correlation up to lag order 1 at the 95% confidence level. The residual of ΔResid01t were checked for the existence of a unit root to check the co-integration. The ADF test statistics showed that the series was stationary at the level and concluded that variables had long run relationship.
The political discourse plays an essential role in shaping the perceptions and ideologies of people. The present research, titled ‘Discursive Functioning of Parts of Speech in Political Parties’ Manifestos’, focuses on the role of the discursive use of the parts of speech in Pakistani political parties’ manifestos, pertaining to the general election of 2013. The research is aimed at the linguistic analysis of the political discourse presented in the parties’ manifestos, focusing on parts of speech. The Van Dijk Socio Cognitive Model (1998) and Tajfel’s and Turner’s Social Identity Approach (1979) have served as the theoretical framework for this study. Corpus-based methodology was used for the Critical Discourse Analysis of the five political parties selected on the basis of popularity. The research revealed that all political parties studied used different parts of speech as a discursive strategy to frame positive images of their own party and negative images of the other parties. This was done by the parties in order to transform people’s ideology and identities in their own favor.
The study aimed at finding out the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among
government primary school teachers in District Rawalpindi. The study was based on the following objectives:
to find out the factors of organizational climate of primary school teachers, to find out the level of job
satisfaction of primary school teachers, to identify the relationship of organizational climate with job
satisfaction among primary school teachers, to find out the difference of various demographic variables with
respect to qualification, age and experience in organizational climate of primary school teachers, and to
determine the difference regarding of various demographic variables such as qualification, age and experience
on job satisfaction of primary school teachers.
The study was delimited to female govt. primary school teachers of Tehsil Rawalpindi. Population of the study
consisted of total 1910 female government primary school teachers working in 160 Government Primary
schools located in Tehsil Rawalpindi. Simple random sampling technique was used. Four hundred female govt.
primary school teachers were selected randomly as sample of the study. Two questionnaires each for
assessing organizational climate and job satisfaction of teachers were modified by the researcher with the
help of supervisor. Then these were validated through pilot-testing. The researcher collected the data herself.
Collected data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16.
Major conclusions of the study were: There was significant positive relationship between organizational
climate and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. On the basis of conclusions following
recommendations are made: Production emphasis has an important role in the success of any organization
so it is recommended that head teachers should focus on production emphasis in their schools as their first
and foremost priority. Head teachers and teachers should also focus on intimacy, esprit, consideration and
thrust in their schools. Their school climate should be free from aloofness, disengagement and hindrance
behavior of head teachers and teachers. Job satisfaction plays a key role in any organization.
It is recommended that top management attitude should be positive, appreciative, welcoming and rewarding
for teachers. Promotion possibilities and good pay structure should be given priority in order to get better
results.