This study investigates the nature, scope and implications of and reasons for Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fiction. It draws upon the conceptual frameworks developed by Fowler (1996) and Muthiah (2009), and employs earlier models offered by Kachru (1983), Baumgardner, Kennedy and Shamim (1993), Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffins (2002), and the recent ones by Chelliah (2006), and Muthiah (2009) from the fields of linguistic criticism, sociocultural linguistics, world Englishes and postcolonial studies. Three Pakistani-American fiction works, namely, An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa, Home Boy by H. M. Naqvi and In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin, are selected for separate analyses under these models that are then converged into a three-dimensional model for postcolonial linguistic critique. It was found that all the texts under study follow postcolonial language ideology. This is where the findings of this research diverge from those given by Muthiah (2009) who asserts that fiction writers of the works under her study adopt colonial language ideology by constructing Indian English as substandard variety. However the texts under this study, by employing the strategies of abrogation and appropriation, and techniques of hybrid innovations and lexical borrowings, etc., ‘Pakistanize’ English, and represent and counter-represent a variety of cultural and ideological beliefs, norms and practices. This study also demonstrates that Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fictional works is indicative of the ongoing process of linguistic hybridity where English is negotiating with indigenous linguistic insurgency to accelerate the emergence of ‘Urdish.’ This thesis acknowledges Pakistani English as a variety of English as sixteen characteristic linguistic features of its own are found employed in the texts under study. This acknowledgment reinforces the findings of some of the previous studies in the area such as Mahboob (2009), Uzair (2011), Khan (2012), etc. However, the frequency of Pakistani expressions used in each of the texts under study remains formulaic, and is below 0.50%.
اہل وعیال کا حامل شخص ہمیشہ سے قسمت کے ہاتھوں یرغمال ہوتا ہے۔ بیوی و بچے اس کے عظیم کاموں کی راہ میں رکاوٹ ہوتے ہیں چاہے وہ کام اچھے ہوں یا برے۔ یقیناً بہترین کام اور عوام کی بہتری کے کام ، غیر شادی شدہ اور بغیر بچوں کے لوگ ہی کرتے ہیں ۔ جو عوام کی محبت اور ذرائع دونوں سے مالا مال ہوتے ہیں ۔ جبکہ جن کے بچے ہیں وہ اپنے مستقبل کے بارے میں بڑی احتیاط کرتے ہیں۔ وہ جانتے ہیں کہ انہوں نے اس کو اپنے بچوں کو منتقل کرنا ہے۔ کچھ ایسے بھی ہیں اگرچہ وہ تنہا زندگی گزارتے ہیں مگر ان کی سوچیں انہیں تک محدود ہیں ۔ اور وہ مستقبل کو اپنے سے علیحدہ سمجھتے ہیں ۔ نہیں ! کچھ دوسرے بھی ہیں جو کہ بیوی و بچوں کو صرف ذمہ داریاں اور اخراجات کا سامان سمجھتے ہیں ۔ نہیں نہیں ! بلکہ کچھ مزید احمق ، امیر اور لالچی لوگ جو کہ بچوں کے نہ ہونے پر فخر محسوس کرتے ہیں۔ کیونکہ وہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ اس طرح وہ زیادہ امیر ہو سکتے ہیں۔ شاید کہ انہوں نے کوئی کہاوت سن رکھی ہو، جیسا کہ ایک ہے اور دوسرا اس سے عمل سے مستثنیٰ ہو، جی ہاں! کیونکہ اس کے بچوں کے بہت اخراجات ہیں ۔ جیسا کہ یہ اس کی دولت میں کمی کا سبب ہوں۔ لیکن اکثر اکیلی زندگی کی عام سی وجہ جو سمجھی جا سکتی ہے ، وہ آزادی ہے۔ خاص طور پر اپنی ذات کو اور تصوراتی ذہنوں کی یقینی خوشی کے لیے جو کہ ہر قسم کی پابندیوں سے حساس ہوتے ہیں۔ حتی کہ وہ اس حد تک سوچتے ہیں کہ ان کے کپڑے اور بیلٹ بھی ان کے لیے پابندیاں ہیں۔ غیر شادی شدہ آدمی اچھے دوست ہوتے ہیں، اچھے...
Aim of study: To identify the effectiveness of particular trunk stabilization versus a general exercise in low back pain management.
Methodology: An experimental study was conducted at the physiotherapy department of Dow University of Health Sciences, 52 participants with low backache were enrolled and assessed for pain intensity using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and disability by using the Modified Oswestry Low Back Disability Index (MOLBDQ-I). Through equal randomization one group got their low back pain treated through trunk stabilization exercises while the other with general exercises, 3times/week* 4weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 by applying non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test.
Results: This study demonstrated that males and females are equally affected by chronic low back pain. Trunk stabilizing and general exercise regimes both significantly reduced the pain and disability in the study population but the effectiveness of trunk stabilizing exercises were significantly superior in reducing pain.
Limitations and Future Implications: Study did not include a control group that received no intervention. It would be valuable to assess the cost-effectiveness of trunk stabilization exercises compared to general exercises or other interventions.
Originality: Trunk stabilizing exercises are superior in reducing pain, disability, and restoring functional mobility than general exercises in chronic back pain.
Conclusion: Trunk stabilizing exercises are superior in reducing pain, disability, and restoring functional mobility than general exercises in chronic back pain.
Anemia is problem in which level of haemoglobin decreases or numbers of Red Blood Cells
reduce. There are many factors which are involved in causing Anemia in women like nutritional
deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding (diarrhea). Multiple pregnancies or pregnancies having less
than two years time period between them also result in causing anemia or reducing iron stores in
blood. There are other causes too like chronic diseases such as cancers, blood loss problems like
haemorrhoids, postpartum haemorrhage etc. The current research was planned to find out the
prevalence of anemia in Pregnant Women (PW) of District Lahore and to know how it is related
to iron rich food and socioeconomic status of chosen patients. For this blood samples of 70
pregnant women of age group (25-40) years were collected from four different hospitals of
District Lahore, during different trimesters of pregnancy. The collected blood samples were taken
and stored in already filled with EDTA tubes. All samples were then analyzed by using CBC
haematology auto-analyser. It is concluded from the current study that anemia was highly
prevalent in District Lahore. It also indicated that the age of selected PW showed significant
effect on severity of anemia because of nutritional deficiency with an increase in age. Income
plays a central role in anemic women. Mostly anemic women were belonging to middle class
which affected the nutritional status of PW and they didn?t take iron and other nutrients
containing diets. Trimester of pregnancy had impact on anemia because due to growth of fetus
body needs Iron folate, vitamins and other nutrients. Majority of anemic women were in their 2
trimester because they didn?t get proper diet. Numbers of pregnancies were also significant
factors in PW. It can be due to the reason that with short birth spacing and increase no of
pregnancies and abortions the Hb and serum ferritin level decreases and leads to anemia. This
study helped to estimate the prevalence and causes of anemia in expectant females.