The government of Pakistan has legal bindings and international commitments to provide education to its each and every citizen irrespective of gender, caste, creed, and race. Public school system in Pakistan works under the auspices of federal, provincial, and district governments, and offer education to masses. There are sufficient empirical evidences to support the idea that public schools have been experiencing a declining trend on different indicators like quality of students’ learning and outputs, enrolments of students, and parent dissatisfaction, etc. During discussions with experts and informed stakeholders, it was identified that public schools in Punjab are declining due to some social, governmental, and school related problems. This study was held to investigate the in-school factors which resulted decline of public schools in Punjab. The main objective of the study was to identify school-related problems of public schools in Punjab (Pakistan) and then propose strategies for the revival of these schools. Four main stakeholders of schooling i.e. the head teachers, teachers, parents, and students made the population of the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the sample from the population. To select a representative sample, 36 districts of Punjab were distributed in three strata on the basis of their educational indicators and two districts from each stratum were selected randomly. In the next stage, one tehsil from each district was randomly selected. Six secondary or higher secondary schools were conveniently selected from each tehsil to select the respondents for the study. In this way, the valid responses of 36 head teachers, 263 teachers, 282 parents, and 802 students from public schools were received for the study. A semi-structured interview protocol regarding school governance and management was developed for the head teachers; a job satisfaction scale was adapted for the teachers; a structured interview was developed to measure parents’ satisfaction with public schools; and school learning environment scale was developed for students of public schools. The research instruments were validated by experts and then pilot tested. The study found that the schools faced scarcity of funds to improve teaching learning process. Furthermore, the head teachers had no real administrative authority and their too heavy administrative duties were detrimental to their role as instructional leader. The head teachers were not satisfied with their promotion policy, monitoring and accountability mechanism, working relationship with district administration, and the competency building trainings. The teachers also showed their dissatisfaction with their service structure and working environment of the public schools. The parents were not satisfied with the quality of teaching and role of schools in overall personality development of their children. The students, parents, and head teachers agreed that there was lack of communication between school and parents. Furthermore, almost all of them agreed that physical and learning facilities were available but not properly utilized. On the basis of the findings of the study, strategies were suggested to revive public schools in Punjab (Pakistan). The major suggestion in the proposed strategies focus on increasing budget for schools, financial and administrative empowerment of head teachers, changes in service structure of head teachers and teachers, improve quality of teaching, effective utilization of physical and learning resources, communication between school and parents, and activate community participation.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
86:01 a. By the celestial realm and the Tariq.
86:02 a. And what may enable you to comprehend the Tariq?
86:03 a. Tariq is the star of brilliant brightness before dawn.
86:04 a. There is a guardian angel set up over every human being.
86:05 a. So let every human being reflect of what insignificant substance he is created -
86:06 a. - he is created out of a mingling of seminal and ovarian spurting fluid,
86:07 a. emerging from between the male’s hip and the female’s pelvis.
86:08 a. Surely, HE is Able to bring him back to life-
86:09 a. - at the Time when all secrets of his deeds, dealings and speech will be exposed and judged,
86:10 a. then he will have no power to hide them, and b. no supporter to help him avoid the consequences.
86:11 a. By the sky clouds giving rain, time and again,
86:12 a. and the land/earth too splitting time and again - b. for gushing of springs and growth of vegetation. c. and human beings during the Time of Resurrection.
728 Surah 86 * Al-Tariq
86:13 a. Indeed, this - Qur’an - is the Decisive Word!
86:14 a. And it is not for amusement.
86:15 a. Indeed, they are devising a plot/false arguments against The Prophet,
The Hadith were account usually brief of the words and actions of the beloved Prophet, [May Allah Bless him and grant him peace]. As Such, they were subjected to intense security by generations of Muslim Scholars. The Principles to authenticate and document this literature along with it peculiar terminology called Usool-e-Hadith. This unique Science is a historic achievement of early Muslim scholars, having and history of centuries contributing to its evolution. In the opinion of the Late 'Allama Rashid Rida of Egypt, "The Indian Muslims are playing the leading role in the diffusion and dissemination of Hadith learning in the world to-day. As a matter of fact, according to him, but for the painstaking labour of the Indian Muslims towards the cultivation of the science of al-Hadith, it would have well nigh died down." A number of Scholars in the Indo-Pak sub-continent have produced an extensive work on the subject in Urdu language as well, during last century. My Research work focuses on analytical study of the same books on Usool-e-Hadith.
Fifty seven strains of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from soil, milk and poultry droppings from different areas of Lahore. Pour plate method using TYE agar medium was used for the isolation of B. licheniformis. All the isolated cultures were screened for the bacitracin production by hole plate method using Micrococcus luteus as test strain. Strain Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 produced maximum bacitracin production (21±0.72 IU/mL) and was identified on the basis of physiological and biochemical tests. Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 was treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiations and chemical treatment by N-methyl N-nitro N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) and nitrous acid (HNO2) for improvement in bacitracin production. UV treatment of parental cells produced 87 mutants. Out of these mutants only 29 produced higher concentrations of bacitracin than wild type and maximum bacitracin production (29±0.69 IU/mL) was observed for mutant strain designated as GP-UV-15. When parental cells were treated with different concentrations of MNNG 53, 42, 57, 43, 59 and 41 mutants were obtained. Out of these mutants 9, 7, 8, 9, 8 and 7 mutants produced higher bacitracin titers. Maximum bacitracin production (35±1.35 IU/mL) was obtained from mutant strain designated as GP-MNNG- 28. Similarly, parental cells were treated with different concentrations of HNO2. Out of 48, 63, 52, 57, 45, 49 and 53 mutant strains obtained, 8, 8, 9,8, 6 and 9 strains produced higher bacitracin yield. Maximum bacitracin (31±0.89 IU/mL) was produced by mutant strain designated as GP-HN-23. Studies regarding the combined effect of UV and chemical treatment on parental cells yield significantly higher titers of bacitracin with maximum bacitracin (43±1.21 IU/mL) produced by mutant strain designated as B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8. Mutant strain was highly stable and produced consistent yield of bacitracin. After mutagenesis, cultural conditions of the mutant strain B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8 as well as wild strain B. licheniformis GP-40 were optimized. Both strains were grown at different temperature values ranging from 28- 47oC. Maximum bacitracin production for wild (47.6±1.78 IU/mL) as well as for mutant strain (23±1.34 IU/mL) was obtained when temperature was maintained at 37oC. The effect of pH on the production of bacitracin by B. licheniformis was also studied. B. licheniformis was grown on different pH values (4-10). Maximum bacitracin titers were obtained for wild (27±0.84 IU/mL) and mutant strain (48±1.87 IU/mL) when pH value of fermentation medium was maintained at 7.0. Incubation time also plays a vital role in the bacitracin production. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (26±1.05 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.43 IU/mL) strain after 48 hours of incubation. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (23±0.74 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.15 IU/mL) strains when 20 hours old inoculum was used. Similarly, maximum bacitracin production for both wild strain (22.5±0.67 IU/mL) and mutant strain (50.3±1.89 IU/mL) was achieved when 6% inoculum was used. Agitation speed also influenced the bacitracin production. Wild and mutant strains produced highest yield of bacitracin i.e. 51.4±1.30 IU/mL and 21±0.85 IU/mL when agitation speed was kept at 200 rpm. Parameters like effect of addition of organic acids, nitrogen sources, divalent metal ions and phosphate salts were employed to enhance the bacitracin production in shake flask studies. Maximum bacitracin production obtained after optimizing all the parameters in shake flask studies was 53±1.79 IU/mL for mutant strain and 36±0.93 IU/mL for wild strain. For scale up studies, 2 L glass fermenter (working volume 1 L) was used for bacitracin production. Different parameters like incubation time, inoculum age, inoculum size, aeration, agitation and dissolved oxygen were optimized to further enhance the bacitracin production. The effect of incubation time on the bacitracin production in fermenter was carried out. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved after 30 hours of incubation i.e., 62±2.25 IU/mL and 44±1.32 IU/mL for mutant and wild strain respectively. Effect of inoculum age on the production of bacitracin by both mutant and wild type strains in fermenter was studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 63±1.53 IU/mL and 42±0.87 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strain when 20 hours old inoculum was used. As far as inoculum size is concerned, maximum bacitracin production of 65±2.42 IU/mL and 45±0.86 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strains respectively when 6% inoculum size was utilized. Similarly, effect of different rates of air supply (aeration) on bacitracin production was also studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 67±2.56 IU/mL and 48±1.47 IU/mL was obtained by mutant and wild strains when 1.25 L/L/min aeration was supplied in fermenter. Parameters like effect of agitation and dissolved oxygen were also employed to enhance the bacitracin production in fermenter studies. Maximum bacitracin production achieved after scale up studies in fermenter was 71±2.13 IU/mL and 50.5±1.76 IU/mL for mutant and wild 2 strains. An increase of 28±0.89 IU/mL of bacitracin by mutant strain B. licheniformis UVMN-HN-8 was obtained after optimizing different parameters in fermenter studies in comparison to shake flask studies. Bacitracin was extracted by the precipitation of metal ions. Parameters such as divalent metal ions (Zn+2), pH (7.0), temperature (60°C), CaCO3 (3g/L) were studied to enhance the percentage recovery of the bacitracin. After optimization 69.4% (49.3±1.39 IU/mL) and 65% (32.7±1.13 IU/mL) Zn-bacitracin was recovered from the fermentation broth from the bacitracin produced by mutant strain B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8 and wild strain B. licheniformis GP-40 respectively. Characterization of the Zn-bacitracin was also performed. It was observed that, it is stable at wide range of pH, Temperature and salt concentration. Zn-bacitracin thus obtained was supplemented in the poultry feed to validate its efficacy as a growth promoter. Good results were obtained in comparison to imported Zn-bacitracin obtained from local market.