جان ون سنک کا انتقال
لیڈن کے مشہور مستشرق ڈاکٹر ایرنٹ جان ون سنک کا گزشتہ ستمبر میں انتقال ہوگیا، یوروپین مستشرقین میں ڈاکٹر موصوف کے علم و فضل کا پایہ نہایت بلند تھا، وہ ۱۸۸۲ء میں پیدا ہوئے، ۱۹۱۲ء میں لیڈن یونیورسٹی میں عربی کے لکچرر مقرر ہوئے، اور پھر ۱۹۲۷ء میں اس کے شعبہ عربی کی صدارت تفویض ہوئی، وہ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے چیف اڈیٹر بھی تھے۔
ان کو شروع میں سامی زبان سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، چنانچہ انھوں نے سامی علاماتی تخیل پر بہت سے مضامین لکھے، اس کے بعد وہ سریانی زبان کی طرف مائل ہوئے اور اس زبان کے صوفیانہ لٹریچر کا گہرا مطالعہ کیا اور برہیرس کی Book of Dove اور Mystical Treatises of Isaac of Ninerer کا ترجمہ کیا، پھر سریانی زبان کے صوفیانہ لٹریچر کے نئی معلومات کے نام سے ایک کتاب بھی لکھی۔
مگر وہ اسلامیات کے ایک مستند عالم کی حیثیت سے زیادہ مشہور تھے، فن حدیث پر انھوں نے مندرجہ ذیل کتابیں لکھیں:
(1) Mohammeden de joden te Medina.
(2) Handbook of early Muhamaden tradition.
(3) Concordonce et Indices de la tradition Masulmane.
(4) The Muslim Creed.
انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام میں مختلف موضوع پر ان کے مضامین بکثرت ہیں۔
(صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، مارچ ۱۹۴۰ء)
The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.
Diet has a great impact on human health. Consumption of high caloric diet (rich in fat) may lead to obesity and metabolic disorders associated with inflammation. High fat diet (HFD) is associated with epidemic development of metabolic disorders. It can trigger dysbiosis which, may lead towards cellular stress development by increasing intestinal epithelial permeability, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Manifestation of gut associated metabolic disorders may be causally linked with numerous chronic diseases such as, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis), Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome, insulin resistance and ultimately cancer. However, the exact mechanisms underlying HFD induced obesity remained unexplored. Thus, the current research was planned to evaluate the effects of HFD on different physiological aspects, pathophysiology of gut and metabolic stress. For this purpose HFD (15% and 30% Margarine: Blue Band®) feeding was done in Wistar rats for a period of 6 weeks (42 days). Blood sampling were thus done for evaluating lipid profile, serum glucose concentration and other biochemical analysis. Tissue sampling was conducted during different intervals of the experimental period to perform histopathology, fat staining, immunohistochemistry, cellular ROS and gene expression analysis. The data was statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and DMR. Results revealed significant role of HFD in elevating body weight (147.71±9.50 g), serum cholesterol (63.55±1.71 mg/dl), LDL (28.81±2.92 mg/dl) and triglycerides (70.05±2.51 mg/dl) compared to control group having body weight (137.24±6.11 g), serum cholesterol (52.48±0.84 mg/dl), LDL (19.25±2.57 mg/dl) and triglycerides (55.76±2.89 mg/dl) respectively. The onset of inflammation was observed in response to HFD feeding even after a short time period in gut. Apparently, the induction was triggered by HFD mediated stress response. The role of cellular stress pathways and calcium is crucial in underlying mechanism of ROS production, as high expression levels of MAPK-8, Traf-4, Traf-6, Calm-2, Grk-2 and Pias-2 genes were detected in HFD treatment groups as compared to that of control group. High E.coli count due to HFD consumption also demonstrated its role in alteration of gut microbiota. Overall, HFD has a major effect on different aspects of intestinal physiology and it induces obesity which is accompanied by oxidative stress due to alteration of gut physiology.