After the events of September 11, 2001, the Kashmir Earthquake of Oct 2005, the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, the Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005, the terrorist bombings of July 7, 2005 in London, the Karachi Nishtar Park and other suicidal blasting in Pakistan and the 2010 floods in the all four provinces of Pakistan, there is a widespread sense in Pakistan and in many other parts of the world that humanity has entered a new and more dangerous era. In this new world of the twenty-first century it is essential that we anticipate such events (Early Warnings) and their potential impacts. It is impossible to know exactly what form they will take, how severe they will be, or where and when they will occur, but their devastating impacts (pains) can be mitigated through demonstration of extensive strategic planning. The work in this thesis, therefore, is about the value of a specific area of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) planning, how Pakistan might make improvements in that specific area and types of and the role these play in disaster and emergency management. Thus, we have proposed a system that demonstrates an interoperable and integrated view of many agencies and organizations in Pakistan that can facilitate and improve the efficacy of routine, day-today public safety operations before, during and after a disaster hits in a country which is a developing one. The system is based on E-line-cum-State of the art prevailing Wireless Technology. Specifically, Pakistan’s Law Enforcement Agencies (Army, Air force, Navy and Police), governmental agencies, NADRA, public safety departments, newly proposed emergency response teams and general public will benefit from this system. The scenarios which have been addressed are a “system of systems” (PANs: MANET and VANET, JANs: IEEE 802.16e/ {also IEEE 802.20}, mobile broadband wireless networking and mesh networking technologies, IANs: IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks, EANs: Satellite Connectivity and wireless ad hoc networking technologies) that contains operational requirements described using scenarios such as Multi- disciplined, within a local area (A pre-planned event , A terrorist bomb attack, A local fire incidence etc ) and Multi-disciplined large-scale regional events (A hurricane, An earthquake, A flood etc). Thus the thesis discusses novel ideas of applying information and communication technologies such as the geo-spatial maps that are an essential part of search-and-rescue operations using GIS, about remote sensing using GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers that allow first responders to analyze zones and locate damaged buildings or injured residents, about images that are captured from aircraft to provide the first comprehensive picture of an event’s impact, about road maps that form the basis of evacuation planning, and about all other information connected to a location that can be used in emergency management. The analysis was performed using the OPNET Modeler to design and develop simulated models corresponding to Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (with Specific focus on Earthquake Early Warning System), its various wireless flavors (like WiMAX, WiFi and Zigbee Models also with Satellite Connectivity) and models related to handling issue of communication interoperability and integration between varying public safety organizations, NGOs, law enforcement and investigating agencies, relief organizations using link redundancy principles of wired and wireless telecommunication technologies such as WiMAX, WiFi, Zigbee, Satellite and IP-based broadband connectivity. The thesis discusses how these technologies reflect in transforming voice, video and image data on internet and email over wireless communication medium in disaster engineering (Chapter 3, 4, 5).
To juxtapose various components in one issue or various issues, and to adopt various jurists’ points of views is called “Talfiq.” In the present radical age of science and technology, each and every social faculty is being radicalized particularly in finance; there are certain complications in the monetary systems of various countries. In this scenario, to concentrate on one school of thought and deduce the solution of these financial issues has now become impossible. That is why, Majlis-e-Shar’ii concentrate on “Talfiq between different school of thoughts”, where various parallel issues are solved. The Majlis has prepared a sharia standard where practicable and beneficial financial issues are elaborated. The jurists have elaborated various principles of “Bae-e-Salam”, and presented various relevant issues taking the insight from various scholars of Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi and Hambli schools of thoughts and focused on “Talfiq”. The present research paper the decrees related to Talfiq will be explored, where the jurists have adopted it. Whether it is allowed or prohibited. If it is allowed, to what extent?
The innate plant resistance is an efficient and eco-friendly tool to avoid diseases of agricultural crops. However most of the commercial cultivars are susceptible to different diseases at different susceptibility level. Fungicides are usually the only option that farmers use against these pathogens. These fungicides are hazardous for our environment and human health as these toxify food commodities and ground water reserves. Moreover, pesticides can never be the best option to manage the disease due to their extensive toxicity and minuscule degradability. The innate resistance may be elevated by applying nonpathogenic microbial inducers; thus, termed as induced systemic resistance (ISR). The native rhizospheric bacterial inducers may manage disease by inducing systemic resistance in plants. The similar measure has been adopted to manage black spot disease in rose plants by using Pseudomonas fluorescens RB4 and Bacillus subtilis RB11 as biological inducers. § In the first phase of study, surveys were performed to assess disease attributes of black spot disease of rose caused by Diplocarpon rosae. During this survey, 120 pathogenic isolates of D. rosae were collected. After infecting healthy rose plants with isolates of D. rosae, most virulent strain D. rosae DR19 was selected for further experimentations. § During greenhouse studies, different rhizospheric strains of bacillus and pseudomonas, isolated from rhizosphere of healthy rose plants, were screened for induction of systemic resistance in rose plants against black spot disease. These isolated bacterial strains were interacted with rose plants in the presence of black spot pathogen. Here two strains, viz: P. fluorescens RB4 and B. subtilis RB11 provided most significant reduction in disease index. § Both of these strains induced significant higher amounts of defense related biochemicals including total phenolics, ascorbic acid and some defense related enzymes involved in phenylpropenoid pathway. Moreover, these strains were capable to enhance quantity of defense related physical barriers in plants such as lignin, pectin and cellulose as compared to control plants. § In another independent experiment, effect of P. fluorescens RB4 and Bacillus subtilis RB11 was assessed on nutrient contents and growth attributes of rose plants. These strains significantly enhanced nutrient contents including N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe in treated plants. Along with that, growth of rose plants was significantly improved under influence of these bacterial strains. § In next phase of study, different carrier materials such as sugarcane press mud, bentonite, sand, rock phosphate and perlite were used to prepare formulations of best performing bacterial strains. Sugarcane press mud showed maximum viability of bacterial strains after prolonged storage at room temperature followed by ‘bentonite’. Sugarcane press mud based bacterial formulations supported disease managing potential of P. fluorescens RB4 and B. subtilis RB11, and reduced disease index up to 59 and 76% respectively in both season field experiments. This formulation also significantly improved agro economic traits of rose plants. § In last phase of study, potential ISR elicitor present in bacterial inducer was isolated and identified. For this purpose, Column Chromatography and GC/MS techniques were used to analyze metabolites of B. subtilis RB11 for identification of bioactive compound responsible for resistance induction and disease management. It was found that octadecane was the bioactive compound inducing resistance in rose plants against D. rosae. It was also observed that the isolation of octadecane present in B. subtilis RB11 metabolites was directly correlated with the concentration of ethyl acetate in extraction solvent. § To assess the significance of the results obtained during various experiments data was subjected to a number of statistical analyses. These analyses include analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). From present research it is concluded that P. fluorescens RB4 and B. subtilis RB11, may be successfully used to manage black spot disease of roses caused by D. rosae. These bacterial strains are capable to enhance innate resistance of rose plants along with growth promotion. Moreover, octadecane synthesized by B. subtilis RB11 may be isolated and applied to rose plants as antifungal compound against D. rosae.