ASSOCIATION OF PECTORALIS MINOR MUSCLE LENGTH AND SHOULDER RANGE OF MOTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITH OUT SHOULDER PAIN

Background and Aim: To evaluate the association of pectoralis minor muscle length and the shoulder range of motion with and without shoulder pain. Methodology: A sample of 214 participants with and without shoulder pain were enrolled in an analytical cross sectional study at Institute of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Dow University of health sciences, Karachi.  Questionnaire was provided to all participants after taking consent. Individuals were categorized into two equal groups i.e. one with and the other without pain). Shoulder active ranges were measured with universal goniometer and pectoralis minor length with measuring tape. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 21 was used for data analysis. The descriptive variables were assessed for frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were shown with mean and standard deviations and were correlated with bivariate correlation test. Considered significant was 0.05 p value. Results: Females were 176(82.2%) and males were 38 (17.8%). Mean ± SD of age, weight, height, and BMI were 26.82 ±7.50, 58.45 ±12.11, 160.59 ± 12.43, and 22.18 ±3.78 respectively. The pain intensity negatively correlated with shoulder range of motions (rs = -0.307 to -0.775, p< 0.05) except medial rotation.  Significant difference (p< 0.05) is found for length of pectoralis minor and range of motion between groups. There was also weak positive correlation between pectoralis minor index and shoulder lateral rotation (rs =0.215; p = 0.003). Conclusion: The shoulder pain affects shoulder joint range of motion and pectoralis minor length. Decreased pectoralis minor muscle length accompanies limited shoulder range of motion except, medial rotation.

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Fiction is a well-known genre of urdu literature. For urdu prose writers, fiction has been a potent means of expression both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fiction was on its highest during the Second World War in the sub-continent. During these forty years, till independence fiction along with technical experimentations experienced a variety in its subject matters as well. Fiction writers showed mental maturity and adherence with ideology and before independence fiction writing exhibited a maturity in which the complicated social realities were presented in a highest aesthetic form. Beside other subjects, in view of western cultural dominance Urdu fiction writing had an inclination of showing the local culture and civilization . Along with ground realities, the social and cultural aspects were given vend in fiction, especially by the Pakistani fiction writers, which resulted in the formation of a new nation in the new homeland and the mutual interaction among its different units. For the presentation of indigenous culture in getting out of the dominance of the western, all the creative struggles of 69 years resulted in such a scenario where the culture and civilization of the sub-continent become visible with all its vibrancy in aesthetic beauties. Pakhtoon cultures have five to six thousand old histories. The inhabitant of this area and the Pashto language itself have a very great diffusion ability , which in spite of all geographical odds and population variability have sustained its identity. Before the advent of Islam, The culture that progressed at the juncture of central eastern and south Asia kept its unity on the basis of values like bravery, courage and hospitality. The Pakistani aspect of Pakhtoon culture and civilization is very attractive and grand, where one the one hand this cultural unit contributed a lot in the creation of the new homeland, while on the other hand the brave spirits of it contributed to the treasure of Arts and literature. in Urdu fiction, the depiction of Pakhtoon culture and civilization can be found in the United India as well, but in the fiction after independence the presentation of Pakhtoon culture and civilization is not only been done by the Pakhtoon literariness but the non Pakhtoon writers have also expressed about it in their writings. The study of Pakhtoon culture and civilization in Urdu fiction is not mere adding titles limited to the purpose of telling something about the Pakhtoon civilization, but is a part of the general hypothesis that literature gives expression to the mutual interaction of the civilization of different nations and how this interaction have the power to affect their coexistence. For degree research before this, the study of Urdu fiction has been related to different subject elements. Nevertheless, this proposed research relating Pakistani literature to Pakistani society is a unique study of its type in the field of social and anthropological studies. Besides, cultural mixed up and challenge of universalism is sufficient grounds for the justification of this study. The fiction writings include in this Research thesis contains the cultural aspects of life in Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa these stories gives a mixed expression of passions which have innocence as well as violence , love with hate and revenge. Rules and regulations as well as a mindful eye for the environment and socio cultural values as well. The chained enmities of the social life, spirit of revenge , superstition , ethical values , living old traditions and finally all the manifestations of the pakhtoon society a visible in these fiction stories.