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Detection of Outlying Observations Using the Dixons Approach

Thesis Info

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Author

Manzoor, Sadaf

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Statistics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12085/1/Sadaf%20Manzoor%20Statistics%202010%20uni%20of%20peshwar%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724595822

Similar


Extremely deviating outcomes, in the sample are termed as outliers, they give faulty measures and the results in wrong directioned conclusions. The backbone of this work is based on the study of outliers, categorized here into Static and Dynamic models. Concerning the ’Static Statistical Distributions’, a novel approach for normally distributed data had been developed by J. W. Dixon in 1950’s. The first half of the study uses the same idea by arranging the data set in ascending order for the particular cases where samples are comming out of either • Uniform distribution, or • Exponential distribution. For the procedure of hypothesis testing, the percentage points have been constructed separately for both distributions. Comming towards the second half, ’the Dynamic models’, main concern of the study is on Box and Jenkin’s model. Additive white noise in time discrete differential equation as a special case of ARMA(p, q) model has been considered. The special form of variancecovariance matrix enable us to develop a new procedure for the detection of outlier while working with Poisson Process. The likelihood estimation, originally proposed by Fox (1972) has been used with the assumption of known autoregressive parameters. Through the characteristic function, the distribution of the test has been evaluated. For unknown autoregressive parameters, Yule-Walker and Whittle estimation procedures have been discussed briefly. ’Kalman Filtering’ recursive method opens broader ways for the parameter estimation as well as for outlier detection. Some supporting practical examples for the new test have also been discussed.
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ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد بطور محقق و نقاد

ڈاکٹرشہزاد احمد بطور محقق و نقاد
(الف)اُردو نعت پاکستان میں: ایک جائزہ
شعبۂ نعت کا ہر گوشہ رسول کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم سے محبت اور عقیدت کے اظہار کا ذریعہ ہے۔ ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد نے نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم سے محبت کے اظہار کے لیے اپنے تحقیقی مقالے (نعتیہ شاعری کا تحقیقی جائزہ پاکستان کے خصوصی حوالے سے )یعنی ’’اُردو نعت پاکستان میں‘‘ کو وسیلہ بنایا ہے۔ یہ موصوف کا پی ایچ ڈی کا مقالہ ہے جس پر جامعہ کراچی نے ڈاکٹر یٹ کی سند سے نوازا ہے۔ یہ مقالہ موضوعات کی اہمیت اور معلومات کے استناد کی بدولت اُردو نعت شناسی کا ایک اہم سنگ میل ہے۔ کوئی محقق اس مقالے سے صرف نظر کرکے نعت کی حالیہ روایت سے کماحقہ آشنا نہیں ہو سکتا۔ اس مقالے کی تکمیل ۲۰۱۲ء میں ہوئی۔ حافظ عبدالغفار حافظ نے اس کی جو تاریخ نکالی ہے، وہ ملاحظہ ہو:
کیجیے حافظ رقم تاریخ اجرائے سند
روشنی طبع ’’اُردو نعت پاکستان میں‘‘
۲۰۱۲ء
-iنعت گوئی کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
پہلا باب ’’نعت گوئی کا تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ‘‘ نعت کی روایت پر مبنی ہے۔ اس میں عربی اورفارسی نعت کے ارتقا کے ساتھ اُردو نعت کے شعرا کا بھی بھرپور ذکرکیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ اس باب کے مباحث میں ’’شاعری اور قرآن کریم ، خالق کائنات سب سے پہلا وصاف رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم، اولین نعت میں محققین کی ترجیحات ، اولیات نعت، مدینے کی بچیوں کا خیرمقدمی گیت، حضرت صفیہ بنت عبدالمطلب ، حضرت عاتکہ بنت عبدالمطلب ، حضرت خنسا ، شعرالجنی یا شعرا لمجہول، مبشرات کی اہمیت ،نعت کی افادیت، نعت کا مجموعۂ اوّل ام الکتاب قرآن مجید، قرآن پاک میں نعت، احادیث نبوی میں نعت، نعت کے لغوی واصطلاحی معانی، عہد نبوی میں نعت اورخلفائے راشدین کے...

تعلیل احادیث صحیحین: امام ابو حاتم وأبو زرعہ كی آراء كا تنقیدی جائزہ

It is unique and high distinction of the Muslim Ummah that they have saved the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). There have been high profile scholars who had dedicated their lives for the investigation of veracity and authenticity of Ḥadīths. They have been sifting the narrators of Ḥadīths through the myriad of resources to endorse or reject the authenticity of Ḥadīths. Amongst these eminent scholars, Imām Abū Ḥātim and Imām Abū Zur'ah, who made great contribution in the field of Elal Ḥadīth. Both criticized Aḥādīth some of which are quoted in Sahih Imām Bukhārī and Sahih Imām Muslim. Both books have always been taken as an authentic source for the veracity of Aḥādīth. However, they have pointed out a few such aspects which are vital for keeping the veracity and authenticity of Aḥādīth. This article is an attempt to study those Aḥādīth as quoted in the two above mentioned books and were criticized by Imām Abū Ḥātim and Abū Zur’ah in their book Elal Ḥadīths, by comprising with sayings of the concerned scholars. The most accurate aspect has been elaborated.

Crop Yield As Affected by Soil Moisture Conservation and Fertility Management Practices on Eroded Land in Pothwar Region

The productivity of Pothwar plateau is quite low which is mainly attributed to low soil fertility and soil moisture stress at critical plant growth stages. The suitability of soil for crop production depends on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil. Soil erosion affects the soil properties and crop production by reducing nutrient supply, water infiltration and water holding capacity. The crops like wheat, maize and sorghum are mainly grown in Pothwar rain-fed area and yields of these crops are less than their potential. The crop production strategies for increasing yields and sustaining them must include an integrated approach of soil nutrients management along with other complementary measures such as rain-water conservation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of water conservation and soil fertility management practices on maize and wheat crop yields under rain-fed conditions of Pothwar at Fatehjang and Gujar Khan target areas and on sorghum yield in controlled conditions. This study consists of three experiments carried out during 2004-2007. The first study was a comprehensive survey for characterization of eroded land in Pothwar areas. Nine soil series viz. Missa, Pirsabak, Burhan, Rajar, Bahtar, Basal, Kufri, Khaur and Balkassar from Fatehjang area and eight soil series viz. Missa, Pirsabak, Guliana, Rajar, Balkassar, Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Satwal were sampled from Gujar Khan area. Data from the analysis of soil series elucidated that the soils at Fatehjang for both depths (0-15 cm and 30-45 cm) were alkaline (7.65-8.37) while at Gujar Khan the soil pH was slightly lower (7.36-7.94). Both area soils were free of salinity problem, however, on the average, soils of Gujar Khan target area had relatively lower free lime content than those from2 Fatehjang area. Organic matter contents were found higher in Gujar Khan than Fatehjang area. At Fatehjang deficiency of nutrients was 100 % (N), 100 % (P), 14 % (K), 100 % (Zn), 5 % (Cu), 38 % (Fe), 0 (Mn) and 100 % (B) for topsoil and for subsoil it was 100 % (N), 100 % (P), 29 % (K), 100 % (Zn), 12 % (Cu), 60 % (Fe), 0 (Mn) and 100 % (B). Similarly, at Gujar Khan area deficiency of nutrient was 97 % (N), 95 % (P), 32 % (K), 97 % (Zn), 0 (Cu), 20 % (Fe), 0 (Mn), 85 % (B), for topsoil and for subsoil it was 100 % (N), 100 % (P), 48 % (K), 100 % (Zn), 0 (Cu), 22 % (Fe), 0 (Mn), 90 % (B). The variability for studied soil characteristics at Fatehjang having coefficient of variance (CV) from 2 to 117 % and at Gujar Khan area the CV was from 3 to 155 %. Among soil series at both sites for both soil depths no specific trend of soil characteristics was related to soil erosion level. Simple correlation of organic matter, pH and free lime content (CaCO 3 ) with soil nutrient was observed. The second study was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated moisture conservation and fertilizer application on crop yield of wheat and maize. Field experiments were conducted on the selected soil series of Fatehjang viz. Missa and Rajar and Gujar Khan viz. Guliana and Rajar to study the effect of integrated rain water conservation and fertilizer application on crop yield. There were four treatments, which consisted of: control, no soil water conservation and farmer''s rate of fertilizer application (T 1 ), improved fertilizer application + no soil water conservation practices (T 2 ), soil water conservation practices, i.e., deep plowing, bund improvement, plowing across contour + farmer''s rate of fertilizers application (T 3 ) and soil water conservation + improved fertilizer application (T 4 ). Two year data of wheat and maize showed that integrated moisture conservation and fertilizer3 application treatment proved effective and gave the highest yield. Similarly, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient uptake were greater under this treatment. Economic analysis showed that farmers can get significant profit by adopting rainwater conservation practices along with the application of balanced fertilizer application according to soil and crop requirements. However, data on nutrient status after wheat-maize cropping system indicated that there was an increase in nutrients content (N, P, Zn and B) over that in the original soil, but despite of this little increase in nutrients, the soil still remained deficient in all the nutrients. The third study was conducted in a greenhouse to determine the impact of mulching and integrated nutrient management on water use and yield of sorghum. Sorghum is one of the most important crops of rainfed area. It is often a dual purpose crop with both the grain and stover considered as highly valued inputs. The greenhouse experiment revealed that mulch with integrated nutrient management (INM) is an effective measure to increase sorghum yield and WUE. Uptake of N and P was greater for the mulch treated plots than those without surface mulch, and uptake was highest for the N + P fertilizer, followed by the 1⁄2 N + P fertilizer + manure, and then from the 1⁄2 N + P fertilizer + compost treated soil. More amount of water was used by non-mulch treatments but yield produce was less than mulch treatments. Integrated nutrient management produced yield at par with N+P fertilizer treatment but the amount of water used was less, so higher WUE was recorded in mulch treatments with integrated nutrient management. It was concluded that the practice of moisture conservation along with supplying nutrients properly enhanced the crop as well as profitability in eroded soils of Pothwar plateau