Penguatan SDM Disabilitas Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) kreatif Melalui Peningkatan Kompetensi dan Knowlegde Management

Penyandang disabilitas, mempunyai hak yang setara dengan orang normal lain. Meski begitu, diskriminasi masih kerap dirasakan dikarenakan mereka dianggap tidak mandiri. Demi mencapai kemandirian dan pemenuhan Kebutuhan hidup, penyandang disabilitas dituntut  melakukan pekerjaan agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan meningkatkan keterampilan sosial. Namun, Kurang ketersedian lapangan pekerjaan bagi penyandang disabilitas membuat penyandang disabilitas lebih memilih untuk bekerja pada sektor usaha sesuai kemampuan mereka. Tulisan ini mencoba membahas tentang Penguatan SDM disabilitas Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) melalui Peningkatan Kompetensi dan Knowledge Management. Pembahasan dimulai dengan melihat Perkembangan UMKM, semakin disadari bahwa saat ini dunia bisnis akan menjadi industry yang digerakkan oleh perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi. Kemudian pembahasan tentang Pengembangan kompetensi yang merupakan salah satu unsur penentu upaya peningkatan kinerja SDM industri kreatif yang memberikan perspektif yang lebih tajam dan spesifik terhadap pekerja dan pekerjaannya.

Blodiversity and Parasitic Prevalence of Bats in Selected Areas of North West, Pakistan

Bats are cosmopolitan in distribution and are highly diverse. Around the globe, bats are represented by around 1200 species while 52 species have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, extending from 2015 through 2017, overall 14 species, belonging to 7 genera and 5 families were recorded from Bajaur Agency in the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) which has never explored for chiropteran diversity prior to the present survey. These families include: Pteropodidae, Rhinopomatidea, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae while the genera include Rousettus, Rhinopoma, Megaderma, Rhinolophus, Myotis and Scotophillus. Morphological, cranial and bacular features of the captured bat specimens were recorded and bat species were identified using authentic taxonomic keys. Three specimens of Hodgson''s batMyotis formosuswere captured from the study area using mist and hand nets. External body, cranial and bacular features of the captured specimens were recorded and compared with those available in literature. Mean head and body length of the captured specimens was 42.06±4.01 mm, forearm length was 47.16±0.93 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2) was 17.38±0.17 mm while total baculum length was 8.1 mm.The species is the first ever recording from the study area. Similarly, five congeners Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Javan Pipistrelle P. javanicus, Coromandel Pipistrelle P. coromandra, least Pipistrelle P. tenuis and Kelaart’sPipistrelleP. ceylonicuswere recorded for the first time from the study area. Average forearm length of P. pipistrellus, P. javanicus, P. coromandra, P. tenuis and P. ceylonicus was30.9±0.14mm, 35.13±0.53mm, 31.64±1.19mm, 28.49±1.25mm and 40.11±2.24mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull of these xv species was 11.75±0.35mm, 13.69±0.25mm, 12.48±0.34mm, 11.83±0.30mm and 15.00±0.15mm, respectively, while their total bacular length was 1.58mm, 3.81±0.01mm, 3.82±0.47mm, 2.11±0.707mm and 5.83±2.15mm, respectively. The bacular feature like sizeand shape were the characters that help in clear cut nomencatular of these bat taxa. Nine specimens (2♂, 7♀) of Myotis muricolawere captured from the study area. Mean forearm length (n= 9) and greatest length of skull (n= 4) of the collected specimens were 32.91 ± 1.15 mm and 13.00 ± 0.05 mm, respectively.The penis was somewhat round, small and thick while the baculum was very strongand bent upward with a thin basal concavity. During the present survey, five specimens (1♂,4♀) of greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were captured using hand nets from a cave Levoghar (local name)in district Dir lower. Mean forearm lengthof the captured specimens was 61.94 ± 2.76 mm, their head and body length was 63.77 ± 4.26 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2)was 23.82 ± 0.40 mm and total length of baculum of a single male specimen was 3.97 mm.R. ferrumequinum was never reported from the study area prior to the present study. Two species of the genus Scotophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, specimens of both the species viz. S. heathii (n = 5) and S. kuhlii (n = 44) were captured from Bajaur agency in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and Peshawar, Dir lower and Swat districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Forearm length was 62.46 ± 1.57 mm, greatest length of the skull (n= 1) was 23.80 mm, while mean total bacular length of S. heathii (n = 2) was 1.77 ± 0.19 mm. Similarly, mean forearm length of S. kuhlii (n = 44) specimens was 51.64 ± 2.02 mm, greatest skull length (n = 19) was 19.80 ± 0.61 mm xvi and total bacular length (n = 6) was 1.84 ± 4.98 mm. These species were never reported from FATA prior to this studay.Furthermore, Rhinolophus hipposderous,Rhinopoma microphyllum, Megadermalyra and Rousettus leschenaulti were also captured from the study area. Similarly specimens of (13♂, 1♀) Rhinopoma microphyllum were captured from the study area and their external body, cranial and bacular measurements were recorded. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 68.90 ± 1.42 mm, greatest length of the skull of four specimens were20.32 mm, respectively while total bacular length (n= 13) was recorded 1.36 ± 0.23 mm. During the present survey, 15 specimens (11♂, 4♀)of Rhinolophus hipposideroswere captured. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 37.38 ± 0.91 mm, while total bacular length (n = 2) was3.35 ± 0.57 mm. Specimens (n = 4) ofMegaderma lyra were also observed in the study area. Average forearm length and greatest length of skull of these specimens was 67.00 ± 1.41 mm and 29.00 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. Single species of fruit bats i.e. Rousettus leschenaultia was also captured during the survey. Mean greatest skull length, forearm lengthof the collected specimens was82.51±1.79 mm and35.84 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. Ectoparasitic prevalence of the bats inhabiting the study area was also assessed. A species of soft ticks Argasvespertilioniswas identified from 23 bat specimens. Similarly, members of the family Dermanyssoidae (dermanyssoid mites) were isolated from 10 bat specimens, that of Spinturnicidae (spinturnicid mites) from 3 and Streblidae (bat flies) from 2 bat specimens. These parasites were collected using entomological tweezers and were identified on morphological basis. Further studies on parasitic prevalence, molecular characterization of bat parasites and their control measures should be conducted.