The inflows of overseas workers remittances to Pakistan have been experiencing a rising trend over time. In early 70s remittances sent home by overseas workers were in the range of $130 million---$140 million per annum. By the year 2010 the remittance figure was in proximity of $9 billion. As the transfers by workers abroad add-up to a sizable total and augment the financial resources of the state this study, therefore, endeavors to identify as well as quantify the relative importance of the macro level factors in remittances determination. To investigate impact of certain macroeconomic variables on inward remittances to Pakistan time series data is exploited for the purpose over the period ranging from 1973 to 2010. To overcome the problem of spurious regression co-integration approach is followed. The approach proves its utility in analyzing long run relationship between remittances and the given set of regressors as well as short run dynamics. After examination of stationarity properties of each time series with the help of ADF test and confirmation of co-integration, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique is employed for estimation purposes. The method is preferred due to its analytical superiority in small sample cases along some other desirable characteristics. Using annual data over the 1973-2010 periods real remittances in US dollars are regressed on a set of explanatory variables including number of Pakistani workers abroad, real per capita income in home country, nominal exchange rate, domestic rate of inflation, broad money to GDP ratio, and a dummy for regime type. Except the calendar year data on migrants’ stock, all data series belong to financial years. Using GDP deflator index with 1999-2000 as base the published nominal remittances are converted to real form. Similarly, the published data on nominal per capita income in domestic currency is converted to real form expressed in US dollars using the corresponding years’ GDP indices and exchange rates. Findings of the study reveal that the effect of domestic per capita income, stock of Pakistani workers abroad, and exchange rate on inward remittances remains significantly positive with estimated coefficients of 4.34, 0.47, and 1.71, respectively. Domestic inflation, with a coefficient of -0.51, seriously impact inward transfers in opposite direction. The results also support remittance enhancing role of the democratic regimes as far as Pakistan is concerned. Overall the study confirms the dominance of investment motive. Therefore, investment friendly policy measures are advised so that more and more funds could be accumulated over time in the form of overseas workers’ remittances.
پنجابی لوک گیتاں دی اک قسم بولیاں اے بولیاں جمع دا صیغہ اے۔ جیہدا واحد بولی اے تے جیدے کئی معنی نیں بولی دا لفظ زبان دے معنیاں وچ ورتیاں جاندا اے بولی پنجابی شاعری دی اوس قسم نوں کہندے نیں جیہدا صرف اکو مصرعہ ہوندا اے بولی اک مصرعہ ہون پاروں ردیف قافیہ نئیں ہوندا بعض کتاباں وچ بولی نوں دو مصرعے وچ ہیٹھ اُپر لکھیا جاندا اے انج لکھن وچ ہرج تے کوئی نئیں پر ویکھن والیاں نوں بھلیکھا پیندا اے کہ بولی دو مصرعیاں نال بن دی اے بھانویں اوہناں دویاں مصرعیاں وچ ردیف قافیہ نئیں ورتیا ہوندا۔
ذرا ساہ لین نوں روک کے پڑھن نوں پنجابی وچ ورام آکھدے نیں چھوٹے مصرعیاں وچ ورام دی لوڑ نئیں پیندی پروڈے تے لمبے مصرعیاں وچ دو، دو رام وی آجاندے نیں ایس لئی بولی دے مصرعے نوں جیہڑا لماں وی ہوندا ایں اک ورام نال پڑھدے نیں جہناں نے ایس بولی نوں دو مصرعیاں وچ بنا دتا ایں اوہناں نے ورام نوں صحیح نہیں ورتیا۔
تخضع الإجارة لضوابط محددة تسمى الشروط، وهذه الشروط تنقسم إلى أربعة أقسام، شرط يكون مقتضى للعقد، وهو صحيح بالاتفاق، وشرط فيه مصلحة، سواء كانت مصلحة لأحد المتعاقدين أو للعقد، وشرط وصف في المبيع أو الثمن، وهو صحيح أيضاً، وشرط منفعة وهو من المختلف فيه، لذا فإن شروط العقود معظمها تكون جائزة. واعتمد الباحث على المنهج التحليلي، فتناول اللفظ الخاص بمحل الدراسة وعرفه لغة واصطلاحا، مستدلا عليه من مراجعه الأصلية، ثم عرَّج على أقوال الفقهاء لتعزيز ما ترجح منها، وذلك بعد أن بيَّنه بالتحليل والتوثيق. توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها: هنالك ضوابط لحالات العقود الجائزة، منها ما يتعلق بالأحكام ومنها ما يتعلق بالمعنى ومنها ما يتعلق بالشكل ومنها ما يتعلق بالزمان، كما سيتبين لنا في مواطن البحث. وأوصى الباحث بمجموعة من التوصيات أهمها ضرورة أن يلتزم المتعاقدون في معاملاتهم بالضوابط الشرعية لكل عقد وعدم الإعراض عن تلك الضوابط؛ لأن في ذلك مفسدة في أمورهم الدينية والدنيوية، واضطراب في أحوالهم ومعاشاتهم.
Present study complies with different principles of green chemistry utilizing efficient instrumental techniques i.e; microwaves, ultrasonic waves and replacement of hazardous solvents with greener ones. The overall progress of chemical reactions achieved through application of green chemistry, was compared with the traditional methods. In the first part of this research work, synthesis of N’-benzylidene-2-(2-fluorobiphenyl)propanehydrazides was carried out for which, 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid was esterified to methyl 2-(2- fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoate under the influence of microwaves followed by its hydrazinolysis. 2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanehydrazide thus obtained, was then reacted in an ultrasonic bath with different benzaldehydes to get a series of N’-benzylidene-2-(2- fluorobiphenyl)propanehydrazides. In the second series, 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propane hydrazide was converted to 4-amino-5- [1-(2-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethyl]-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiole followed by its reaction with different benzaldehydes under conventional and green technologies to get a series of 4- (benzylidene-amino)-5-[1-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl]-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiole compounds. In another series, different substituted chalcones were prepared by clasian condensation method which were then reacted with 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl) propane hydrazide in a mixture of water and ethanol to get a series of 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid(1,3- diphenyl-allylidene)-hydrazide. These reactions were conducted utilizing green technologies and were compared with using conventional methods. Comparison of both the conventional and microwaves/ultrasound assisted reactions indicates a significant reduction in reaction times and improvement in reaction yields. Besides, chemical characterization and X-ray crystallography of selected compounds, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-oxidant potential [Total anti-oxidant activity, ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) and total phenolic contents], and analgesic activities using (tail flick, hot plate and writhing methods) and most of them were found to possess potential as lead compounds for drug discovery.