The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the existing risk management framework (RMF) to find out the shortcomings in each phase of risk management process and risk governance issues in the commercial banking industry of Pakistan. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study to carry out the indepth evaluation of the existing RMF. A case study based research strategy was adopted in which in-depth interviews were conducted from the CROs/Heads of Risk, Head of Market, Head of Credit Risk of commercial banks of Pakistan as well as from SBP employees of RMD and BPRD division. Data was collected at one point of time so this was a cross sectional study. Data analysis was done using a technique called thematic analysis using QSR-Nvivo 11. In thematic analysis, the data collected through interviews were coded under relevant nodes. Then themes are extracted from the nodes using word cloud and word trees. The thematic analysis reveals that there are certain deficiencies in the existing RMF. Firstly, ineffectiveness of board risk oversight is due to absence of risk expert on the BRMC, lack of risk knowledge and experience, quality, quantity and timeliness of risk information, and dysfunctional behavior of executive management. Secondly, incorrect positioning of CRO is due to lack of peer status, reporting line, sole responsible of risk management, and limited to compliance function only. Thirdly, lack of maturity of risk management capabilities is due to lack of certified risk talent and risk trainings; lack of advanced e-risk solution, unavailability of tested and validated risk models, and repeatable or define state of maturity. Fourthly, weak risk culture and lack of risk awareness towards risk policy for effective risk understanding; risk identification framework for effective risk identification; e-risk software solutions; advanced risk techniques and tested risk models for effective risk assessment & analysis; inefficient information & reporting system for effective risk monitoring & controlling. Lastly, there is a lack of risk training, workshops and seminars a on the part of SBP to facilitate banks in the adoption of latest regulations and techniques such Basel III etc. It is recommended that the SBP should increase their risk training programs so that the adoption of new risk standards like Basel III will become smooth. Moreover, it is suggested that the Board of Directors (BoDs) and executive management take steps to improve the capability and maturity of the risk management function by introducing tested and validated risk models, risk certification e.g. FRM etc., advanced e-risk software solutions e.g. SAS etc., and internal risk trainings, workshops and seminars. These initiatives will improve the strength, capability and maturity of the risk management function and makes the banks more secure and profitable. Furthermore, it is suggested that the BoDs design policies to create a risk culture in the bank so that every person in the bank will understand the importance of risk management that could lead to correct the positioning of CROs in the banks so that the CROs can play their part in the most effective way. This study is the first one to apply the thematic analysis on the qualitative data in the risk management area. Previous studies do not cover the risk management framework and risk governance problems whereas the present study consider the indepth evaluation of the existing risk management framework in commercial banking industry of Pakistan and the results are beneficial for many stakeholders such as SBP, BoDs, BRMC, ERMCs and CROs.
لفظ استفہام باب فہم یفہم کے وز ن استفعال کا مصدر ہے، جس کے لغوی معنیٰ’’دریافت کرنا، سمجھنے کی خواہش کرنا،پوچھناَ ہیں۔[[1]]
ابن منظور افریقی لفظ استفہام سے متعلق لکھتے ہیں:
استفہام سے مراد "کسی چیز کو سمجھنا اور سمجھانا ہے۔"[[2]]
اصطلاح میں استفہام سے مراد ہے کہ:
"نا معلوم چیز کو ادوات استفہام سے جاننے کی کوشش کرنا"۔[[3]]
[[1]] فیروز الدین مولوی،فیروز اللغات،فیروزسنز، لاہور، ۴ ۲۰۱ء،ص۹۱۔
[[2]] افریقی ،ابن منظور ،محمد بن مکرم ،مکتبہ دار صادر،بیروت، ۲۰۱۰ء، مادة ف ه م۔
[[3]] ابن فارس،احمد بن فارس بن زکریا الرازی، الصاحبى فى فقه اللغة العربية ومسائلھا وسنن العرب فی کلامھا،تحقیق: ڈاکٹر مصطفیٰ الشواعی،دارالکتب العلمیہ،بیروت،۱۹۶۴ء، ص۱۸۱۔
The development of Islamic Jurisprudence tradition over time produces the Juris-prudential product with different approaches, methodologies, and interpretations. Nowadays, the difference of opinion in the Islamic Jurisprudence is marked by the reconstruction of the jurisprudential tradition because they are no longer relevant to address the issue of masculinity. In this study, the author discusses one of the recent literatures of Islamic Jurisprudence, Al Fiqh Al Islami wa Adilatuhu, written by Wahbah Al-Zuḥaylī (1932-2015 AD). In this article, he tried to reach a compromise between classical jurisprudence with a contemporary one; this is due to some modern views that classical account is no longer able to solve the recent problems. Therefore Al-Zuḥaylī tried to integrate classical interpretation to the contemporary style with a consistent method. To find some pictures of his jurisprudential approach, the author discusses the different aspects of his masterpiece in this paper. Keywords: , ,
Background: Pain management is one of the important components of balanced anaesthesia. It can be provided by different methods such as intravenous, intramuscular, orally, topical or regional. Caudal block has grown to become the most popular, safe and easy regional anaesthetic technique to be performed in children undergoing lower umbilical surgeries. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the analgesic effect that is the duration and quality of analgesia provided by a single shot caudal epidural block using bupivacaine 0.25% for intraoperative and postoperative pain relief in children undergoing lower umbilical surgeries in FMIC Hospital, Afghanistan. The objective was to determine the success rate of Caudal Block among children undergone lower umbilical surgeries and received Caudal Block at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan.Methodology: A Retrospective Case Series study was done to achieve the study objectives. The study population was comprised of all the children undergone lower umbilical surgeries and received Caudal Block at French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan. Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit study subjects. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used to run descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square test of independence was run to explore the association between independent and dependent variables. Results: The present study revealed that the success rate of caudal block was 94.3%. All successful cases of caudal blocks were regarded as clinically effective. None of the patient had an increase in hemodynamic or respiratory parameters during surgery. Nearly all, 197 (99.5%) had successful caudal block. The participants had normal heart rate or slightly low HR (not more than 5 to 10 % from baseline HR) during anaesthesia and only 1 (0.5%) participant was bradycardia. Our results showed caudal block with single shot injection of 0.25% bupivacaine provided a long lasting analgesia. Caudal bupivacaine provided analgesia had a duration of equal or more than four hours. Majority of patient received pain killer (Nalbluphine) after four hour of caudal block. In our study, most of the patients, 194 (98%) patients had not experienced post anaesthesia side effects, whereas only 4 (2%) patients had post anaesthesia side effects (nausea or vomiting). None of the cases in our study required additional analgesics during operation.Conclusion: Caudal block provided adequate intraoperative and postoperative analgesia for children under going lower umbilical surgeries with a success rate of 94.3%. Duration of analgesia demonstrated was equal to or more than four