العلامة محمد إقبال في عيون الأدباء العرب

Iqbāl is known as a revolutionary poet, and Islamic intellectual, a religious reformer, pioneer of Islamic awareness and a great leader of the Muslims of the sub-continent. He was introduced to the Arab world during the early part of 20th century and became popular after the translations of his work into Arabic. Scholars, thinkers, writers, and politicians of Arabia were very much influenced by his literary works. A number of books were written on him. Other scholars and Muslim thinkers study his works with keen interest even in the modern times. Iqbāl was paid rich tributes by Arab writers and thinkers for his unique wealth of literary works. In this article we present the views of Arabian writers about his literary status.

Study of Β-Lactamase Inhibitory Potential of Synthesized Ketophosph On Ates and Phytochemicals from Apocynaceae and Compositae Families.

Present work consists of study of β-Lactamase (BLase) inhibitory potential of phytochemicals from Apocynaceae & Compositae families and Ketophosph(on)ates. For this study; an easy, efficient & economical method was developed, used successfully and published. In this study, thirty two compounds were prepared and characterized by EIMS & 1 H-NMR. These compounds comprise of: Diethyl (2-oxo-2-phenylethyl) phosphonate(1), Diethyl [(E)-1-benzoyl-2-phenylvinyl] phosphonate(2), Diethyl[(E)- 1-benzoyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) vinyl] phosphonate(3), Diethyl [(1E,3E)-1-benzoyl-4- phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl] phosphonate(4), Diethyl [(1E)-1-benzoyl-2-phenylprop-1- en-1-yl]phosphonate(5), Diethyl [(E)-1-benzoyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) vinyl] phosphonate(6), Diethyl benzyl phosphonate(7), Diethyl [2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)- 2-oxo-1-phenylethyl] phosphonate(8), Diethyl [(3E)-2-oxo-1,4-diphenylbut-3-en-1- yl] phosphonate(9), Diethyl(2-oxo-1,2-diphenylethyl) phosphonate(10), Diethyl (2,4- dioxo-1-phenylpentyl) phosphonate(11), Diethyl (2,4-dioxo-1,4-diphenylbutyl) phosphonate(12), Ethyl (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate(13), Diethyl (oxiran-2- ylmethyl) phosphonate(14), Diethyl[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxiran-2-yl-2-oxoethyl] phosphonate(15), phosphonate(16), 6-Diethyl Diethyl [(3E)-1-oxiran-2-yl-2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-en-1-yl] (1-oxiran-2-yl-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl) phosphonate(17), Diethyl (1-oxiran-2-yl-2,4-dioxopentyl) phosphonate(18), Diethyl (1-oxiran-2-yl-2,4- dioxo-4-phenylbutyl) phosphonate(19), Diethyl (2-nitrobenzyl) phosphonate(20), six derivatives (21-26) containing the Tetraethyl ethane-1,2-diylbis (phosphonate) motif, Diethyl methylphosphonate(27), phosphonate(28), Diethyl Diethyl Diethyl [2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl] [(3E)-2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-en-1-yl] (2-oxo-2-phenylethyl) phosphonate(30), phosphonate(29), Diethyl(2,4-dioxopentyl) phosphonate(31) and Diethyl (2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutyl) phosphonate (32). Seventeen compounds showed BLase inhibition activity. The compounds 1, 12, 29 & 32 were found more active than Clavulanic acid (used as standard). Extraction and bioassay guided isolation of Cichorium intybus resulted in the purification and identification of ten compounds: [Lupeol (33), β-Sitosterol(34), p- hydroxy phenyl acetic acid(35), Isovanillic acid(36), Syringic acid(37), Vanillic acid(38), Esculetin(39), Scopoletin(40), Umbelliferone(41) and Kaempferol(42)]. Stigmasterol(43) was the only compound isolated from Ageratum conyzoides but six compounds: [Conessine(44), Kurchinin(45), Conimine(46), Kurchamine(47), Holaromine(48) & Kurchessine(49)] were extracted from Holarrhena antidysenterica. viiiHowever two compounds: [Lupeol(32) & Campesterol(50)], were extracted from Carissa opaca while Quercetin(51) & Kaempferol(42) were isolated from Alstonia scholaris. β-Sitosterol(34), α-Amyrin(52) & Ursolic acid(53) came out of Calotropis procera. All the phytochemicals were subject to BLase inhibition study. In general these phytochemicals showed poor activity however Kurchamine(47), Holaromine(48) and Quercetine(51) were relatively more active in this respect.