Persons with hearing loss have been seen, but the problems and frustration imposed by this loss in their lives have not been imagined. Only diagnosis of hearing loss and providing amplification is not enough to ensure the development of communication potentials of the hearing impaired children (HIC). Aural habilitation/rehabilitation services for children are the dire need of all those suffering from hearing loss, especially for those having severe and profound hearing loss. In Pakistan the rehabilitative plans merely cover speech therapy and special education services employing sign language and total communication as a medium of instruction. The efforts are not being focused on auditory development of the children, which is the base of all problems of HIC. Therefore, the researcher aimed to target this entirely neglected area of provision of aural rehabilitation services through a model in order to bring change in the lives of HIC in Pakistan. The objectives of the study were to collect data about current provisions of aural rehabilitation for hearing impaired children in Punjab, to develop a model of aural rehabilitation for deaf children in Pakistan, to develop a standardised tool to be used during experimentation and to validate the proposed model of aural rehabilitation via experimentation. The study carries immense significance from different angles in the context of the planning and management of educational cum rehabilitative plans of children with hearing loss. The model may serve as a guide to policy makers, administrators of special schools, speech therapists, teachers and parents. xxix The design of the study was the pretest-posttest control group design. Sample groups were selected through random sampling technique. Data regarding current rehabilitation practices was obtained through questionnaires for teachers, speech therapists, audiologists, principals and parents of HIC. A framework of the proposed model was made with the help of logic model development guide and by incorporating the recommendations of the stakeholders obtained via questionnaires. Pakistani experts’ opinions were obtained through questionnaire for further modification required in the model. The model was validated through experimentation. A speech perception test was developed and its reliability and validity were established after conducting a pilot study. This test was used as the tool of experimentation i.e. to obtain the pretest and posttest scores of the HIC. The difference in mean speech perception scores of the control group and experimental group profound HIC at posttest level was significant at 0.01 level. It was concluded that aural rehabilitation is feasible as well as necessary for educational and vocational rehabilitation of HIC in Pakistan. Multidisciplinary approach in special schools to be served as preparatory schools for mainstreaming, provision of digital hearing aids from government, auditory training, integrated curriculum development, follow-up of IEP’s focusing on aural mode of communication, development of assessment tools in national and regional languages, efforts for screening and prevention of hearing loss and parental training cum involvement in planning and implementation of individual plans were considered as the necessary ingredients, to bring change in current educational cum aural rehabilitation programme of HIC in Punjab.
خودی نہ بیچ غریبی میں نام پیدا کر نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معززصدر ومیرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’خودی نہ بیچ غریبی میں نام پیدا کر‘‘ جنابِ صدر! مجدی و سروری ہر ایک کی خواہش رہی ہے، ہر ایک نے اس کی تمنا کی ہے، ہر ایک نے اس کے شجر سایہ دار میں بیٹھنے کا عندیہ ظاہر کیا ہے، ہر ایک کے دل میں اس کی آواز نے انگڑائیاں لی ہیں ، یہ ایک ایسی تمنا ہے جس کے کئی متمنی نظر آتے ہیں، یہ خواہش قبر تک پیچھا کرتی ہے۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! نام پیدا کرنا کوئی بڑی بات نہیں ہے، نا موری کے تاج کو اپنے سر پر سجا نا عظمت ہے معروف ہو نا قابل صد تحسین ہے، اس کو بنظر تحسین دیکھا جاتا ہے، اس تصور کے حامل افراد قابلِ قدر ہوتے ہیں، اس کی تمنا عظیم لوگوں کا شیوہ رہا ہے۔ محترم صدر! وہ ناموری جوذلت کا باعث ہو ، وہ سروری جوتحقیر کا باعث ہو، وہ رفعت جس سے پاؤں کٹتے ہوں ، وہ اُولوالعزمی جس سے لمحات زیست ظلمت کدہ ہوں ، وہ ناخدائی جو آب میں غرق ہونے کا سبب بنے ، وہ عزت جو کسی کو ذلیل کر ے، اس سے کنارکشی ہی بہتر ہے۔ اے طائر لاہوتی اس رزق سے موت اچھی جس رزق سے آتی ہو پرواز میں کوتاہی صدرِذی وقار! خود دار انسان معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر ہوتا ہے، خوددار انسان کی نشست و برخاست معیاری ہوتی ہے۔ خوددار انسان کی گفت و شنید میں ایک تنوع ہوتا ہے، خوددار پر انسانیت ناز کرتی ہے، خوددارلوگ ملک وقوم کی ترقی میں ایک اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں ،...
For the development of human society, when male and female get into the bond of marriage, they not only crave for having long lasting relationship but also desire it to be protected and preserved. But sometimes, the state of affairs turn out in such a way that this marital bond is vitictimized by the mutual differences and grow to such an extent that husband and wife end up in divorce. Separation of a married couple is viewed as a dreadful act in any society of the world. However, sometimes a couple is better off without this relation as a result of growing differences. Different religions have suggested different waysin this regard by explaining how husband and wife can lead a detached life. Divorce is an act which breaks the agreement of marriage. Different religions propose different laws and traditions for divorce. In this paper, we will discuss divorce laws and traditions that come under Semitic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) in specific.
A hallmark trait of chickpea ( cicer arietinum L.) is its ability to form root nodules and to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with compatible rhizobia. Chickpea plays a vital role in natural ecosystems, agriculture, and agro- forestry, where its ability to fix nitrogen in symbiosis makes it an excellent settler of low-N 2 environments, and economic and environmentally friendly crop. Forty seven chickpea genotypes were procured from Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar, Gram Research Station (GRS), Karak, Pakistan and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. Entire experiments of the reported project were carried out from 2006 to 2009 at Agricultural University, and NIFA, Peshawar except molecular characterization, which was accomplished at Ehime University Matsuyama, Japan. All genotypes were characterized for marker traits, quantitative parameters, nodulation and molecular markers (SSR). Highly nodulated and non-nodulated parents were picked and hybridized to study mode of inheritance of nodulation and its linkage with marker trait loci. The germplasm was also grouped as desi (pink flower, green with purplish tings stem and colored seed coat) and kabuli (white flower, green stem and white seed coat) types. Highly significant differences and high heritability estimates were recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, leaf area, number of leaflets leaf -1 , plant height, 100 seed weight, biological yield plant -1 and grain yield plant -1 in all the genotypes. Genotypes from NIFA and GRS were nodulated while genotypes from ICRISAT were Nod - . All genotypes also differed highly and significantly for number of nodules plant -1 . The genotypes NDC 5-S10 and NDC 4-20-4 xproduced the maximum nodules plant -1 . Highly significant response of rhizobium inoculation was recorded for nodules plant -1 and seed yield plant -1 . Interaction of genotypes with treatments classified NDC 4-20-1(16.66) as highly Nod+ and Karak 3 (33 g) as high seed yielder plant -1 . The maximum genotypic mean for nodulation and seed yield plant -1 was recorded for accession NDC 5-S10 (14.83) and Karak 3 (30.20) respectively. Inoculated genotypes exceeded control in treatment means both for nodules plant -1 (10.33 & 7.22) and seed yield plant -1 (14.40 g & 10.59 g). Molecular characterization of 47 genotypes was performed using 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eight of the 10 SSR markers were polymorphic. Number of alleles ranged from 2 to 16, with an average of 7.4 locus -1 . Polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.227 to 0.876, with an average of 0.636. The average PIC was 0.582 in desi and 0.577 in kabuli genotypes, shows that both groups are distinct. Significant genetic differentiation was found between desi and kabuli genotypes by using Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) under stepwise mutation assumption (R ST = 0.239, P ≤ 0.001). Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and Minimum-evolution method (ME) trees as well as Principal Coordinate analysis (PCoA) classified the accessions into 6 groups and all the 6 accessions could be clearly separated. Grouping was mostly the same in both the phylogenetic trees and PCoA, but the branching order differed greatly. Inheritance of nodulation was studied in two cross combinations i.e., ICC 19181(non-nodulated and dark green leaves) x NDC 5-S10 (nodulated and light green leaves) - Hybrid A and ICC 19181 x NDC 4-20-4 (Nod+ and light green leaves) - Hybrid B. Hybrid A, showed monogenic dominant inheritance, while hybrid B showed duplicate gene action for nodulation confirming that both Nod + genotypes are from different clusters. Both hybrids revealed monogenic dominant inheritance of light green leaf color. Linkage study revealed that loci for nod and leaf color resides on the same chromosome at the distance of 15 centi Morgan (cM) in genotype NDC 5-S10 while in genotype NDC 4-20-4 the two loci for nodulation exists at the distance of 26 cM and 15 cM from the locus of leaf color. The current research findings show significant diversity both at morphological and molecular levels, and valuable results regarding rhizobial inoculation, inheritance and linkage study of nodulation, which could play a vital role in future chickpea breeding programs.