احسان اللہ ثاقب
احسان اللہ ثاقب(۱۹۴۲ئ۔۲۰۱۴ئ) پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف رومانوی شاعری فاخر ہریانوی کے بیٹے ہیں- اعلی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد محکمہ تعلیم میں ملازمت اختیار کی۔ (۹۴۶)آپ کا ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’شہرِ غزل‘‘ کے نام سے معراج پر نٹرز لاہورسے ۲۰۰۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کے علاوہ کچھ شعری مسودات ہیں جو شائع نہیں ہو سکے۔ احسان اللہ ثاقب غزل گو شاعر ہیں۔ ان کا اردو ادب میں بڑا کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے اپنے شعری مجموعے ’’شہرِ غزل‘‘ میں بیس بحور کے چھیاسی اوزان میں بڑی خوبصورتی سے طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ آج ارد وشاعری میں کوئی قدآور شاعر بھی اتنی تعداد میں بحور اور اوزان میں شعر نہیں کہہ سکا ہے۔ انھوں نے ایک نئی بحر کا بھی اضافہ کیا ہے۔ جسے انھوںنے ’’بحرِ مترنم‘‘ کانام دیا ہے۔ یہ بحر تمام عروضی تقاضوں کو پورا کرتی ہے۔
حوصلہ مندی ،بلند فکری ،اخلاقیات، پیارو محبت،سماجی شعور اور توحید احسان اللہ ـثاقب کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
جسم کے روح سے رابطے ہیں بہت
اس تعلق میں بھی فاصلے ہیں بہت
عمر درکار ہے اس سفر کے لیے
ہجر سے وصل تک مرحلے ہیں بہت
(۹۴۷)
ہمیں چلنا ہے ترچھے زاویوں پر
مگر رہنا ہے پھر بھی راستوں پر
(۹۴۸)
کوئی ہمدرد نہ جذبوں کا شناسا نکلا
جس کو چاہا تھا وہی خون کا پیاسا نکلا
لاکھ اصنام ہیں اک بھی نہ خدا سا نکلا
جو بھی سورج کے مقابل تھا دیا سا نکلا
(۹۴۹)
ثاقبؔ کسی سے ترکِ محبت کے باوجود
سو رنگ کے عذاب لیے پھر رہا ہوں میں (۹۵۰)
The literature represents the nation’s treasure of poetry and prose and its original heritage. It is the outcome of minds believe fully in its right to develop along with other nations. Poetry is one of the fields of heritage which observe human activity in the Arab environment and records the nation’s deeds everywhere by its pure tongue. For all these reasons it is concluded that the poetry which was generated with the advent of Islam especially the poetry of the prophet’s honorable companions who represented the first generation in Islam who were imparted education in Prophet’s school. This subject of research appealed to know their ideas in their poetry. In this regard, poetical works of poets of the early stage of Islam was started. The research consists of a preface, two objects of research and a conclusion. In the first object of research it has been discussed the introduction of the Prophet’s companion’s personality, concerning linguistically, technical and conceptual views, their attitude, and the nature of his role in the call for Islam, their role in learning Holy Qur’an by heart, Islam and honorable Prophet’s attitude towards poetry and poets. Whereas the second object of research is, it has been discussed the sensual ideology aspect in one topic such as, Jihad.
Femto-second laser irradiation on a material can initiate intensity dependent nonlinear optical phenomena. This work focuses on multiphoton absorption, more specifically, two photon absorption (TPA) analyses. Open aperture Z-scan (OA-ZS) technique has been employed to measure TPA coefficients and TPA cross sections (TPCS). An ultrashort 800 nm Ti:Sapphire laser (FEMTOPOWER Compact PRO) with an average power of 800 mW and repetition rate of 1 kHz has been used in ZS setup. A femtosecond (10-15 s) laser pulse attains very high intensity in ultrashort time. In this work, pulse intensity ~ 1011 W/cm2 has been used. In OA-ZS, a thin sample is scanned along the laser propagation direction, within the focal spot, to measure intensity dependent changes in optical absorption. Experimental TPA data is extracted from the transmitted and reference laser beams. We have developed a C sharp (C#) based software which can extract TPA coefficients via theoretical fitting of experimentally obtained data. Linear absorption coefficients were measured via UV-vis spectroscopy which have been utilized in TPA calculations. TPA is known to be a highly sensitive process. Two photon cross sections (TPCS) of Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G solutions in MeOH have been measured. Understanding the factors affecting TPA is essential to assess the potential applications especially in the field of medicine such as, TPA induced photodynamic therapy and 3D photo-imaging. An in depth analysis has been carried out to assess the influence of medium as well as laser parameters on TPCS and relative TPA trends. The explored laser parameters are laser energy and pulse width. The varying medium parameters are dye solution concentrations and sample length (cuvette size). True value of TPCS is found to be independent of change in laser energy and pulse width (laser intensity). However, relative TPA is enhanced by increasing pulse energy due to increased transition probability. Shorter pulse width resulted in reduced TPA due to saturation effects. Increase in solution concentration has decreased TPCS due to agglomeration effects. An increase in TPCS with increased sample length is observed owing to an overall increase in TPA absorbers. Assessment of TPA sensitivity on laser beam and dye parameters allows better control for desired applications. Three glasses, namely, GIL49, BK7 and Glass B were irradiated by 1700 keV Au+ ion beams. Samples were post annealed at 600oC for 6 hrs. Penetration depth and distribution of Au+ ions having 1700 keV energy within glass substrates was estimated by TRIM simulations. Detailed calculations with full damage cascades were performed for each sample, taking into account the chemical composition of glass substrates. TRIM results reveal that there is no significant change in ion range, straggling and ion distribution with the change in the substrate composition. Linear absorption has been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Z scan results showed a difference in TPA coefficients for all three glasses. Highest TPA coefficient has been found in case of BK7. TRIM simulations for all three samples has given same value for total target damage. Therefore, the difference in TPA coefficient can be attributed solely to annealing induced crosslinking and reformation of glass matrix. Which leads to agglomeration of metallic particles within the glass matrix. Highest agglomeration is suspected in BK7 as its glass transition temperature is lower than annealing temperature. This is also supported by our linear absorption analyses, where, maximum absorption wavelength shifted towards longer wavelengths for BK7. Linear absorption and TPA in Cu ion embedded GIL49 has been analyzed. Metal ion embedded GIL 49 via ion exchange method has a lower value of TPA coefficient and linear absorption coefficient as compared to that in case of ion irradiation method. This can be attributed to lesser number of embedded ions and lesser ions penetration via ion exchange method. TPA in materials used in this research work has significant applicability. Rhodamine dyes can be used in synthesis of novel TPA materials for various applications. These novel materials include biomaterials such as, DNA doped Rhodamine B/Poly Vinyl Alcohol thin films. This allows tailoring of TPA properties in biomaterials for their potential applications in photonics device manufacturing. Rhodamine dyes can be incorporated in microstructures formed by TPA induced 3D polymerization. These microstructures have dyes molecules at specific sites and have broad fluorescent spectrum which can be tuned by choosing excitation positions and different excitation wavelengths. These engineered structures can be used in micro-devices. TPA in near infrared range allows deep penetration, minimal damages and high spatial resolution. TPA in metal embedded glasses can be used in optoelectronic device fabrication such as, optical limiters, optical sensors and all-optical switches.