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Development of a Group Nonverbal Intelligence Test for Youth

Thesis Info

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Author

Chaudhry, Muhammad Imtiaz

Program

PhD

Institute

Preston University

City

Kohat

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Psychology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11702/1/Muhammad%20Imtiaz%20chaudhry%20Psycholoy%202019%20Preston%20isb%20Prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724613683

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Intelligence is an all encompassing ability of human personality with myriad implications on the overall success of life outcomes including academic achievements, professional success, quality of life and social wellbeing. The concept of right person for the right job is the real essence of ability testing and human resource induction as the evaluation of true potentials can help placement of individuals according to their intellectual functioning to improve their chances of success in life. A critical challenge, in assessment of intelligence has been the level of educational background, language proficiency and age specification. Thus, in order to develop a culture fair and culture free test, nonverbal intelligence testing has been acclaimed a psychometrically viable method in the field of intelligence testing and measurement. The present study was therefore, designed to develop a group nonverbal intelligence test for Pakistani youth with age ranges 15 to 24 years and labeled as Group Nonverbal Intelligence Test for Youth (GNVITY). Guided by the theoretical model of fluid intelligence given by Cattell in 1965, the Group Nonverbal Intelligence Test for Pakistani Youth comprised of five subtests: Matrices, Odd one out, Similarities, Series and Analogies, each subscale comprising of geometric and figurative materials; shapes, patterns, symbols and designs. In order to develop a standardized psychometrically sound group nonverbal intelligence test for the measurement of nonverbal intelligence test, four studies were planned following the methodological framework of Hinkin, Tracy, and Enz (1997) for construction of a scale. Study 1 was conducted to generate the items for GNVITY; ascertaining the difficulty level, discrimination power, and to determine the time limit for the administration of the test. In first phase, ability areas, test format and test draft was finalized. Initially 200 items were generated and 150 items were shortlisted in the light of expert opinion, qualitative and content analysis. In second phase, item analysis was carried out to estimate the difficulty level, discrimination power and distracter analysis and thus 54 items were discarded. In third phase, items with difficulty level below 0.30 and above 0.70, discrimination values lower than 0.30 and item to total correlation value less than 0.30 were discarded. This exercise resulted in the final selection of 80 items. In fourth phase, estimation of time limit was carried out and decided to be 30 minutes. xi Study 2 was conducted to find the factorial validity and reliability analysis. The principal axis factoring yielded a single factor loading for five subscales with estimated values; .764, .692, .747, .795, and .735 for Matrices, Odd one outs, Similarities, Series and Analogies suggested uni dimensionality of test. Item total correlation and matrix of correlation showed significant high positive results at p < .001. The reliability studies showed that the three reliability indices: Cronbatch alpha (.92), split half reliability (.90) and test retest reliability (.92) are highly significant at p < .001 indicating that the proposed group nonverbal intelligence test is highly reliable and consistent measure of nonverbal intelligence for the youth. Study 3 was conducted to establish the validity of group nonverbal intelligence test for youth by administering the test on 400 secondary school level students at Inter Services Selection Board (ISSB). The convergent validity was established by correlating the Group Nonverbal Intelligence Test for Youth (GNVITY) scores with Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM), Verbal Intelligence Test (VIT) and Nonverbal Intelligence Test (NVIT) being used for intelligence testing and screening of candidates for armed services. Results yielded highly positive correlation coefficients all significant at p < .001. The discrimination validity of the test was established by correlating the GNVITY scores with Individual Obstacles (IOs), a measure of physical agility and endurance used at ISSB. As anticipated, no significant results were found between the two measures. The significant high positive correlation between the students test scores and marks in their intermediate and equivalent level examinations give evidence of criterion validity. The F values for three age and grades showed highly significant results at p < .001 supported the hypothesis that there are significant differences in three groups. Study 4 was conducted to establish the norms and grading system. The test was administered on 2000 college level students all over the Pakistan. The mean score of the test was 42.82 and standard deviation was 10.341. Three types of within group norms Percentile, Standard Sores and Deviation IQ were derived and grading system was devised for interpretation of results on comparative grounds. xii Overall the findings show that test is a good measure of nonverbal intelligence for Pakistani youth. Test has good potentials for human resource induction, educational and clinical institutions for estimation of cognitive functioning of Pakistani youth. The GNVITY is relatively free from the confounding of education, language and acculturation, has group administer ability advantage and provides standardized norms for grading and interpretation of results.
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From the very beginning Islam has given great importance to discipline. In every facet of life discipline has a role to play. Today when we delve deep in to our lives, we are amazed as to how it has always proved its worth. It has brought the tide of revolution in everyone's mind. Similarly, the element of discipline saves a society from disruption and instability. It infuses in life satisfaction and contentment. Contrarily, indiscipline and mismanagement give birth to dejection and dissatisfaction. Time management plays a vital role in the establishment of discipline in a society. Considering the vast importance of time management in the light of discipline, the following article throws a great deal of light on it in the Islamic perspective.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Crimes: An Empirical Analysis of Prisoners in Punjab

Becker’s (1968) contribution to economics of crime has led the economists to dig out the causes and consequence of crimes. However, the menace of crimes adversely affects the overall social, economic and political health of a country. It is, therefore, imperative to identify the socio-economic determinants of crimes. The present work is an attempt to explore the socio-economic factors of crimes through conducting survey of the prisoners arrested against the charges of theft, robbery, dacoity and financial fraud in different prisons in Punjab. Other objectives include the elucidation of socio-economic and demographic characteristics of prisoners. The study was carried out in the Punjab because it has 53 percent of the country’s population, 60 percent of the total reported crimes and 67 percent of the prison population of Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was designed to interview prisoners and cluster sampling technique was used to draw the representative sample. A survey of 967 prisoners, regardless of their legal status, was conducted in 30 prisons in Punjab. The survey revealed that 50 percent prisoners were arrested for the indictment of theft, 21 percent were kept in the prisons due to robbery, 17 percent were arrested for dacoity, 11 percent were financial fraud offenders and only 1 percent was of the prisoners were arrested due to other crimes. Among prisoners arrested for theft, 10 percent held unemployment responsible for their involvement and 41 percent told that due to poverty they had committed theft. However, 6 percent claimed that due to family issues they had committed theft and 41 percent told different reasons of their participation in theft. Similarly, among prisoners arrested against the charges of robbery, 31 percent held poverty, 16 percent blamed unemployment, 7 percent told family background and 46 percent stated different reasons of their involvement in robbery. Prisoners of dacoity alleged poverty (26 percent), unemployment (8 percent), family background (10 percent) and different reasons (56 percent) of their detention. Only 8 percent of the financial fraud prisoners held unemployment, poverty, family background and keeping up with the joneses responsible of their involvement in financial fraud; however, the remaining 92 percent explained several reasons of their participation in financial fraud. Depending upon the nature of data, binary logistic regression technique was used to find out the relationship between socio- economic determinants and crimes. The results of binary logistic regression of the relationship between theft and socioeconomic determinants without including prison population background characteristics revealed that unemployment and family background had insignificant relationship with theft whereas poverty and other reasons had significant relationship with theft. Similar results were found when prison population background characteristics were included in the model. The relationship between robbery and socioeconomic determinants without prisoner background characteristics explained that unemployment and other reasons had significant relationship with robbery while poverty and family issues had insignificant relationship with robbery. On the other hand, by incorporating the prisoner background characteristics, only unemployment had significant relationship with robbery. The relationship between dacoity and socioeconomic determinants without prisoner background characteristics showed that only family issues had significant relationship with dacoity. The inclusion of prisoner background characteristics in the model resulted in insignificant relationship with unemployment, poverty, family background and other reasons. However, financial fraud had significant relationship with unemployment, poverty and other reasons while family background had insignificant relationship. Similar estimates were obtained when prisoner background characteristics were included in the model. The findings revealed that socio-economic and demographic characteristics provoke individuals to get involved in theft, robbery, dacoity and financial fraud in Punjab.