The current research work is intended at the designing of a various electrochemical sensors for the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs and detection of toxic heavy metal ions. Three types of electrochemical sensors were prepared and characterized. These include nanosensors, DNA biosensors and surfactant based electrochemical sensors. In the electrochemical nanosensors, TiO2 nanoparticles and COOH functionalized MWCNTs were used as receptors for the sensing of oxymetazoline drug (OMZ). The designed nanosensor helped in the sensing of OMZ with a 4.4 nM detection limit. In the second type of electrochemical sensor, DNA was used a receptor over the surface of transducer. The designed DNA biosensors were employed for the detection of a number of Schiff bases, i.e., 2-((3-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-5-(diethylamino)phenol (2-CPMP), 2-((2,4dichlorophenylimino)methyl)-5-(diethylamino)phenol (2-DPMP), 5-(diethylamino)-2((3,5-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (5-DDPMP) and 5-(diethylamino)-2-((2,6diethylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (5-DDMP). All the Schiff bases were found to interact with DNA and interestingly the oxidation signal of 5-DDMP registered 30 times increase at the fMWCNTs fabricated DNA biosensor compared to DNA biosensor alone. Moreover, surfactant based electrochemical sensors were also designed and applied for the simultaneous detection of several toxic heavy metal ions. For this purpose, 1-dodecanoyl3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiourea and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-dodecanoylthiourea were used as recognition layers for the simultaneous and sensitive sensing of four and six metal ions, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the targeted analytes at the developed sensors was probed by adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The performance parameters of the developed sensors were evaluated from EIS, CV and ASDPV. The conditions i.e. concentration of modifiers, type of electrolyte, pH of medium deposition potential and deposition time were optimized for getting the highest current response to achieve the lowest detection limits of the targeted analytes. The modified electrodes were tested for real samples to check their validity for practical applications. The results revealed all the designed sensors to demonstrate the qualities of excellent sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility
محمد سعید (۱۹۵۰ء ۔پ) سعیدؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف رومانوی شاعر فاخر ہریانوی کے بیٹے ہیں۔ (۱۱۲۹) شاعری میں اختر شیرانی اور فاخر ہریانوی کا اسلوب اختیار کیا ہے۔ حسن و عشق اور رومانیت ان کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ محاکات، منظر نگاری ، تمثال کاری اور لفظی تصویر کشی سعید کی شاعری کی اہم خوبیاں ہیں:
اے موجِ ہوا دامن میں لیے خوشبو کہاں سے آئی ہے
کیا زلف دوشیزہ کی پھر رات گئے لہرائی ہے
[اُلفت کے مسافر کی قسمت میں عیش کہاں آرام کہاں
آغاز گو اتنا اچھا ہو انجام شکستہ پائی ہے
_اے شام جدائی تو ہی بتا کیا چاند میرا مل جائے گا
سو بار فلک کے گُنبد سے فریاد میری ٹکرائی ہے
یہ سرو سا قد ، یہ گل سا بدن ،بجلی سی نظر ،غنچہ سا دہن
Deedat. He debated with Christian scholars on very sensitive topics (from the point of view of Christianity) like ‘Is the Bible God’s Word?’ ‘Was Christ crucified?’ ‘The Quran or the Bible, which is God’s word?’ ‘Is Jesus God?’ and so on and proved almost all the basic doctrines of their faith from their own scriptures to be baseless. Throughout his life, deedat, faced a lot of criticism from non-Muslim scholars as well as from many Muslim scholars but he remained steadfast in his mission, and continuously struggled for preaching Islam through arguments and debates. He is best known as Muslim preacher who remained engaged in numerous intellectual inter-religious open debates with evangelical Christians, as well as video lectures, most of which relates to Islam, Christianity, Judaism & the Bible.
The present practice of teaching of English in Pakistan is based on memorization and rote - learning. The teaching of English language is done in the same manner as other subjects where the teacher provides the content and the students learn. The participation of students in the class is not considered to be essential in learning the language. In this study I presented the existing practice and my efforts to introduce ways, especially variety of questioning techniques to enhance students participation. Also interactive ways of teaching grammar that I introduced in the class are also described. The findings of my study suggest that asking a variety of questions increases students' interest in class participation and improves skills of reading.