The pharmaceutical sector is the key entity in a healthcare supply chain. In a very competitive environment where health and safety also remain a prime concern, it is essential to manage the whole supply chain in addition to internal quality control measures. Customer satisfaction can only come off when product quality and value are united at each node in the supply chain. The concept of Supply Chain Quality Management (SCQM) has gradually evolved after recognition of the importance of integration between Quality management (QM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) in achieving competitive advantage for companies. Healthcare sector’s pharmaceutical supply chains are facing many issues. These issues can be categorized into major categories of forecasting issues, long set up & lead times, planning & scheduling issues, poor inventory management and communication problems. Excessive build-up of inventories and Stock out situations are two complex situations often rising as the result of these issues. Previous studies of supply chain quality management have mostly addressed the conceptualization of concept and the development of different research frameworks in the subject area. Literature on empirical studies is scarce. Further, research conducted on supply chain quality management is based in developed countries. Only limited number of studies conducted in developing countries, especially in the region of South Asia, where the pharmaceutical industry is one of the major businesses. This study is unique as it explores the critical measures of quality in supply chain of a critical sector in a developing country which is missing in the existing studies and empirically executes conceptual models of supply chain quality management. The objectives of the research were to identify the critical success factors in pharmaceutical supply chain quality management, the association of these SCQM factors with supply chain performance and business results, and determination of mediation role of supply chain performance in the relationship between SCQM and business results. Three interfaces of the pharmaceutical supply chain of healthcare sector were targeted i.e., manufacturer, distributor, and retail pharmacies. Mixed methods research design was adapted by using qualitative method (focus group) as preliminary method for refinement of measurement scale developed from published literature and quantitative method (survey) as primary method for data collection and analysis. Data was collected from the CEO/ Plant Managers, Owners, Quality Assurance Managers, Marketing Managers, Operational Managers, Supply Chain Managers, Branch Managers and Qualified Persons (pharmacists) of pharmaceutical manufacturing units, distributors and retail pharmacies operating in ten large cities of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling using AMOS software version 24 is used to develop a valid and reliable scale comprising of supply chain quality management, supply chain performance and business results dimensions, and testing of relationship between SCQM, Supply Chain Performance and Business Results. The findings show that leadership, customer focus, supplier relations, process integration and management, quality practices, human resource practices, and safety emerge as the critical quality determinants. Significant direct positive impact of supply chain quality management on both supply chain performance and business results at all three interfaces of the pharmaceutical supply chain is established. It confirms the importance of SCQM in addressing all these issues by improving the performance of pharmaceutical supply chains. The findings of this study are particularly relevant for quality and supply chain managers of pharmaceutical companies as well as regulators who want to ensure safety and quality in the health care sector. Quality management offers a viable model for improving the overall performance of pharmaceutical supply chain which in turn has the potential to impact the lives of people, reduce the burden on pharmaceutical and healthcare, and fundamental structural improvements. In developing countries like Pakistan pharmaceutical supply chains are facing severe management issues. These issues are emerged due to problem in design of pharmaceutical supply chains as currently these supply chains are arbitrarily not scientifically designed. The key contribution of this research is that it highlights the factors of supply chain quality. These factors will help to change the design of the pharmaceutical supply chain for greater efficiency, safety and quality
القرآن الكريمهو الكتاب الرئيسي في الإسلام، الذي يُقدِّسه ويؤمن به المسلمون أنّه كلام الله المنزّل على نبيه محمد –صلي الله عليه وسلم -للبيان والإعجاز،المنقول عنه بالتواتر حيث يؤمن المسلمون أنه محفوظ في الصدور والسطور من كل مس أو تحريف، وهو المتعبد بتلاوته،وهو آخر الكتب السماوية بعد صحف إبراهيم والزبور والتوراة والإنجيل.كما يعدّ القرآن أرقى الكتب العربية قيمة لغوية ودينية، لما يجمعه بين البلاغة والبيان والفصاحة.وللقرآن أثر فصل في توحيد وتطوير اللغة العربیة وآدابها وعلومها الصرفية والنحوية، ووضع وتوحيد وتثبيت اللّبنات الأساس لقواعد اللغة العربية۔
قال الله تعالی:" إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا جَمْعَهُ وَقُرْآنَهُ فَإِذَا قَرَأْنَاهُ فَاتَّبِعْ قُرْآنَه (سورة القیامة : ۱۸)
كان الإعجاز القرآني خليقا أن يثير في الحياة الإسلامية مباحث على جانب عظيم من الأهمية يتصدى بها العلماء للكشف على وجوه البلاغة القرآنية.
وبذل العلماء جهودا مشكورة، وقاموا بمحاولات مضنية، لإبراز البلاغة القرآنية في صورة موحية ذات ظلال، ولكنهم وقفوا غالبا عند النص الواحد، فاقتطعوه اقتطاعا من الوحدة القرآنية الكبرى ، ودرسوه دراسة تحليلية جزئية ذهب بمعالم جمالها الذي لا يتناهى حول مشكلة اللفظ والمعنى، فكانت النزعة الكلامية تفسد عليهم تذوقهم للنصوص، وإدراكهم مواطن البلاغة والإعجاز.
قال الجاحظ في كتابه الحيوان: "ولي كتاب جمعت فيه آيات من القرآن الكريم لتعرف بها ما بين الإيجاز والحذف، وبين الزوائد والفضول والاستعارات، فإذا قرأتها رأيت فضلها في الإيجاز، والجمع للمعاني الكثيرة بالألفاظ القليلة.
اختلف العلماء -رحمهم الله تعالى- في لفظ القرآن لكنهم اتفقوا على أنه اسم فذهب جماعة من العلماء منهم الشافعي، الأشعري، ابن كثير ، الفراء، اللحياني ، الزجاج و ابن الأثير وغیر ذلک من العلماء اللغویین الذین ذهبوا إلى أنه اسم جامد غير مهموز كما ذكر الأشعري: إنه مشتق من قرنت الشيء بالشيء إذا ضممته إلیه ومنه قولهم: قرن بين البعيرين إذا جمع بينهما ومنه سمي الجمع بين الحج...
Nine articles have been analyzed containing research results on misconceptions about isomerism. Analysis was conducted to examine the potential to causes emergence of the misconception. The analysis result are expected to be useful for teachers in learning for the same concepts. At least the teacher can avoid misconceptions that have happened before and innovate to find the right learning strategy. Isomerism can be categorized as a defined concept so that students are expected to be able to use rules for the purpose of classifying objects or events. The analysis showed 31 misconceptions experienced by grade 11 students to prospective chemistry teachers on isomerism concept. Thirty-one misconceptions are classified into three groups based on students' abilities needed to understand the concept of isomerism. The three groups are: (1) understanding the definition and application of rules; (2) spatial understanding; and (3) microscopic understanding. At this time only eleven misunderstandings were discussed, namely misunderstandings whose causes belong to the group (1). As an indicator caused misconception is inability of the sample to classify objects/events based on the attributes or characters indicated by the object/event. To teach a defined concept, it is recommended to use a strategy that contains detailed explanatory definitions and rules, examples and non-examples, and the elaboration process. In order to increase student reasoning, it is recommended to use a isomerism concept logic scheme
The industrial wastewater is the leading source of water pollution due to diverse nature of pollutants present in the effluents. The goal of this work was to establish methods for the treatment of petroleum refinery, soap & detergent and pulp & paper effluents as well as simulated solution of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) using gamma and UV radiation in the presence of H 2 O 2 and TiO 2 . The degradation of pollutants was monitored through UV/Vis, FTIR, GC-MS and HPLC techniques. The efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was evaluated on the basis of extant of degradation, water quality parameters and detoxification. The toxicities were determined through various bioassays such as allium cepa, haemolytic, shrimp and Ames tests. The independent variables such as radiation dose, catalysts concentration, exposure time, pH, temperature etc. were optimized using response surface methodology for maximum degradation of pollutant. Through advanced characterization techniques, it was found that the AOPs were able to oxidize recalcitrant, toxic and non-biodegradable compounds to various intermediates and eventually to inert end products by generating intermediacy hydroxyl radicals. The gamma ray/H 2 O 2 treatment degrade the toxic residues, improve water quality and reduce the toxicity significantly, however, UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 furnished better response. From the results, it is concluded that the AOPs (UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 and gamma ray/H 2 O 2 ) could be successfully used for the treatment of petroleum refinery, soap & detergent and pulp & paper effluents as well as NPEOs since the water quality fall within the permissible limits recommended by the environmental agencies.