جسٹس بشیر احمد سعید
افسوس ہے چند ماہ ہوئے جسٹس بشیر احمد سعید صاحب کابھی کم وبیش ۸۴ برس کی عمر میں دل کا دورہ پڑنے سے ان کے وطن مدراس میں انتقال ہوگیا۔ مرحوم بڑے فعال ومتحرک اورسرگرم وپُرجوش مسلمان تھے انہوں نے مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی ترقی کے لیے مدراس میں وہی کیا جوڈاکٹر عبدالغفور نے کیرالا میں کیا تھا، ’’جنوبی ہند کے مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی انجمن‘‘کے صدر کی حیثیت سے انہوں نے مدراس میں دو عظیم الشان کالج تعمیر کرائے ایک لڑکوں کے لیے اوردوسرا لڑکیوں کے لیے، آج یہ دونوں کالج مدراس یونیورسٹی کے نمایاں اورترقی یافتہ کالج سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔
مرحوم آل انڈیا شخصیت کے بزرگ تھے، سالہا سال وہ علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کی مرکز کونسل اور کورٹ کے نہایت بااثر اورفعال ممبر رہے، آل انڈیا مسلم مجلس مشاورت اورآل انڈیا مسلم پرسنل لابورڈ دونوں کے سرگرم رکن تھے۔ سرکاری ملازمت سے سبکدوشی کے بعد ان کے شب و روز قومی کاموں میں ہی بسر ہوتے تھے۔ نماز،روزہ کے بڑے پابند،قرآن مجید کی تلاوت ان کے مشاغل یومیہ میں شامل، ندوۃ المصنفین کے شروع سے معاون تھے، برہان بڑے شوق سے پڑھتے اوراس کی بڑی قدر کرتے تھے، غرض کہ بڑی خوبیوں اوراعلیٰ اخلاق و صفات کے بزرگ تھے۔ حق گوئی اورحق پژوہی ان کاجوہر فطری تھا، انگریزی کے بڑے اچھے مقرر تھے، اردو میں بھی اظہار مدعاپر قادر تھے، تقریر بڑے جوشیلے انداز میں کرتے تھے۔ اس میں شک نہیں کہ ان کا نفس وجود مسلمانوں کے لیے بڑی تقویت کاسبب تھا کیونکہ وہ قانون دان بھی تھے اورمسلمانوں کے سچے ترجمان ووکیل بھی۔ [جولائی۱۹۸۴ء]
The primary objective of this research is to assess the liquidity and asset management positions of selected vehicle manufacturers and to give recommendations for improving their liquidity and asset management positions. The current research spans five years, from 2015-2016 to 2019-2020. Three organizations were chosen for this research, and five ratios were calculated: the current ratio, the liquidity ratio, the working capital turnover ratio, the total asset turnover ratio, and the fixed asset turnover ratio. ANOVA was employed to test the hypothesis. The research's principal results reveal that there is no statistically significant variation in the different asset management and liquidity ratios of chosen vehicle businesses during the study period. According to data interpretation, the comparison of all the selected three automobile industry's ratios indicates that Maruti Suzuki Ltd. Is in a better position than the other selected automobile companies, as its average of the selected ratios is 12.85, which is higher than the other selected automobile companies. Thus, Maruti Suzuki Ltd. Outperforms the other automotive manufacturers.
Biodegradation of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using soil microorganisms where they use these compounds as carbon and energy source, is the safe, cheap and environment friendly way. In the present study bacterial samples were isolated from crude oil contaminated soil. A total of 52 isolates were initially screened, fifteen of these isolates were checked for growth on PNR medium containing up to 1200 and 800 ppm, anthracene and pyrene, respectively. Five bacterial isolates were selected on the basis of their best on PAHs growth and identified as Bacillus cereus KWS2, Bacillus cereus KWS4, Bacillus licheniformis DW3, Bacillus licheniformis Sol-10, and Pseudomonas stutzeri 10-1. Biodegradation studies of anthracene were carried out by Bacillus cereus KWS2 at different pH, temperature and incubation time. The optimum pH and temperature were 7 and 30oC respectively, for degradation and growth where 45 % of reduction in anthracene concentration was observed after seven days of incubation. Growth was maximum after 2 days of incubation (12 x 10 7 CFU/mL). Pseudomonas stutzeri 10-1 was also checked for anthracene and naphthalene degradation capability. 33.81 % reduction in naphthalene concentration was observed after one week, while 33.69 and 45.35 % reduction after two and three weeks time, respectively. In case of anthracene, 87.37 % reduction was observed after first week of incubation whereas 92.98 and 95.56 % was observed after two and three weeks, respectively. Resting cell biotransformation studies of naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene were carried out by Bacillus cereus KWS2 and KWS4, analyzed by GC/MS. From naphthalene biotransformation four metabolites, 2-naphthol, benzeneacetic acid, benzoic acid and benzaldehyde were detected and identified. From phenanthrene biotransformation, 9-phenanthrenol, 9,10-Dihydro,9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene, bezeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-benzeneacetic acid and 2-hydroxy benzoic acid were detected and identified. Benzenecarboxylic acid, benzeneacetic acid and 4-hydroxy- benzeneacetic acid were detected and identified from anthracene biotransformation by B. cereus KWS2. The detection of both mono and dihydroxylated compounds x suggested that B. cereus strains KWS2 & KWS4 harbor both mono and dioxygenase genes. Biotransformation potential of a selected bacterial isolate, Mycobacterium PY146 for PAHs was studied. Resting and growing cell biotransformation of PAHs including phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene by Mycobacterium PY146 one metabolite i.e, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) from phenanthrene and two metabolites, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 9,10-anthracendione from the anthracene biotransformation, where as two metabolites, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 1- hydroxypyrene were detected and identified from pyrene biotransformation. While in growing cell biotransformation of phenanthrene, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, from anthracene 9,10-anthracenedione, benzenecarboxylic acid, benzeneacetic acid and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and from pyrene benzenecarboxylic acid, benzeneacetic acid and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid were detected and identified. Biodegradation of PAHs including phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were checked in soil by Mycobacterium PY146 without and with yeast extract. After one week of incubation the detectable concentration of PAHs without yeast extract, phenanthrene (98 μg), anthracene (60 μg) and pyrene (56 μg) were decreased to 35, 18 and 27 μg, and after 2 weeks of incubation all of the detectable PAHs were 0.14, 0.45 and 0.19 μg respectively. There was no significant effect of yeast extract on degradation except phenanthrene, which decreased from 98 to 27 μg after one week. Mineralization studies of different 14 C-PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene) were carried out by Bacillus cereus KWS2 and Mycobacterium PY146. In case of naphthalene and phenanthrene mineralization by Bacillus cereus KWS2, no mineralization was observed. Mineralization of phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene by Mycobacterium PY146 showed that 45.92, 39.89 and 4.82 % of 14 CO 2 was produced and detected in the form of Na 214 CO 3. The mineralization of 14 C pyrene and phenanthrene with the different cell densities from OD 600 0.1 to 0.5 of Mycobacterium PY146 cultures showed that the maximum mineralization of pyrene was observed in the OD 600 0.2 culture, while in the case of xi phenanthrene there is increase in mineralization between the OD 600 0.1 to 0.2 culture. There was subsequent decrease in both pyrene and phenanthrene mineralization as the cell density increases. The expression of pyrene dioxygenase gene (nidAB) from Mycobacterium PY146 was checked in E. coli by cloning the nidAB in pKK223-3 expression vector and then transformed the E. coli. The biotransformation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene was checked using transformed E. coli cells containing nidAB. Neither any hydroxy nor any derivatized metabolite were detected of any PAH after derivatization with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1 %Trimethylechlorosilane (BSTFA). Quantification of nidAB RNA transcripts in E. coli was done by RT-QPCR which revealed an ~ 2- fold increase in RNA transcripts in one sample grown in the presence of IPTG. RNA to DNA ratio of nidAB calculated by RT-QPCR was increased between OD 600 0.1 to 0.4 and then declined at and OD 600 of 0.5. Relation of phenanthrene and pyrene mineralization to RNA/DNA ratio with the OD 600 from 0.1 to 0.5 showed the positive relationship between phenanthrene mineralization and the RNA/ DNA ratio while in case of pyrene only the OD 600 of 0.3 to 0.5 corresponds to the ratio. From the present study, it is concluded that soil is the rich source of microbes having the degradative capability of pollutants like PAHs. Some microbes have the ability to degrade and mineralize the PAHs efficiently while others can only transform but can’t mineralize. The expression and the RNA transcript of pyrene dioxygenase (nidAB) copy number and RNA/DNA ratio correspond to the mineralization of PAHs.