The study has focused on the foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Mixed-method approach is applied to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. The study analyses three types of data, thus it presents three different analysis procedures. Quarterly data from secondary sources (2007Q3 to 2017Q2) of ten consecutive years, primary data collected through questionnaire and qualitative data collected through interviews have been analysed. Firstly, drivers of FPI are identified and explored through secondary data. Two different sets of variables (macroeconomic variables and stock market indicators) are explored. Macroeconomic variables include economic growth activity, interest rates, exchange rate risk, inflation rate, country risk and foreign direct investment (FDI). The set of stock market indicators include stock market size/capitalization, stock market returns, stock market risk, stock market liquidity and stock market index. The relationship of both sets of variables with the dependent variable has been explored. Correlation is checked along with Co-integration analysis. Co-integration is carried out for checking the long-term relationship between the selected variables. After establishing long-term relationship, short-term relationship has been explored through Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Furthermore, magnitude of these relationships has been checked by doing the multiple regression analysis through Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. After secondary data analysis, the influence of FPI flows on the investment decisions of domestic institutional investors has been checked by analyzing primary data collected through questionnaire-based survey from domestic institutional investors listed at PSX. The questionnaire comprises of thirty questions, covering three behavioural factors; overconfidence, conservatism and herding effect in the context of FPI. Six separate questions have been asked in order to triangulate the results of secondary data analysis. The responses have almost supported the results of the secondary data analysis. For further thorough analysis, interviews from ten domestic institutional investors have also been conducted. The respondents were asked that whether FPI flows really influence the investors’ investment behaviour and secondly, suggestions regarding investment decisions have also been sought from them. Almost, all of the interviewees responded cooperatively and suggested that government should take steps in order to provide safety to foreign investors and protect the small domestic investors as well, especially, in crisis situations. Thus, this study has been carried out about the foreign investment in Pakistan by applying mix-method approach with quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The study has clear policy implications for the policy makers and the stock market stake holders.
ڈینگی ایک چیلنج نحمدہ وَ نُصَلِّیْ علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم صدرِذی وقار معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کی سعادت حاصل کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ڈینگی ایک چیلنج،، جنابِ صدر! آج کل پورے پاکستان میں جس بیماری نے پاکستانیوں کے اعصاب کو مضمحل کر رکھا ہے وہ ڈینگی ہے اور ڈینگی بخار ہی کی ایک قسم ہے، چھوٹے، بڑے، امیر ،غریب ، کالے، گورے سب اس سے خوفزدہ ہیں ، سب اس سے فرار کا رستہ اختیار کرنے کے متمنی ہیں، اس کے نام سے ہی رونگٹے کھڑے ہوجاتے ہیں۔ صد رِمحترم! فرمان ِباری تعالیٰ ہے ’’کہ ایّا م لوگوں کے درمیان ایک جیسے نہیں رہتے، بدلتے رہتے ہیں۔ ‘‘ وقت کا دھارا گزر جاتا ہے۔ خزاں کے ختم ہوتے ہی بادِ بہاری کو اٹھکیلیاں سوجھنا شروع ہو جاتی ہیں۔ مردہ پتے گرنے لگتے ہیں، اورنئے شگو فے کھلنا شروع ہو جاتے ہیں،چمنستانِ ہستی میں بہار آ جاتی ہے، ستاروں کی گردش، اور زمین کی حرکت ارضی اور سماوی تبدیلیوں کی نشاندہی کرتی ہے۔ اے ہم نشیں ! کلام میرا لا کلام ہے سُن! زندگی تغیّرِ پیہم کا نام ہے صدرِذی وقار! انسان پر بھی حالات ایک جیسے نہیں رہتے،کبھی مسرت و شادمانی کی کیفیت ہوتی ہے، کبھی غم اور اندوہ ساتھ نبھانے کا تہیہ کر لیتے ہیں، کبھی امارات کے بادل سایہ فگن ہو جاتے ہیں، کبھی غربت و افلاس کی چکی میں پسنا مقدر بن جاتاہے۔ کبھی بیماری کا بھیانک چہرا جیسے ڈینگی کی صورت میں سامنے آتا ہے دیکھنا پڑتا ہے اورکبھی تندرستی اور صحت کی نوید جانفرا سنائی دینا شروع کر دیتی ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! انسان اشرف مخلوقات پیدا فرمایا گیا ہے۔ اس کونشیب و فراز سے واسطہ...
This research aims to design an electric panel monitoring system using the Internet of Things technology in company buildings so that consumers can monitor real-time electricity consumption. The energy consumption monitoring method that we propose uses PM2100 by implementing a real-time monitoring function of the power consumption of a 3-phase electric panel. The monitoring system implementation results show that the value is very close to measuring the digital multimeter measuring instrument. The monitoring system produces a current measurement accuracy of 97.38% with an error of 2.62%, while the 3-phase voltage measurement error is 0.616%. This system design helps companies obtain information faster to be considered data to improve efficiency in the Company.
This study aimed at exploring the learning experiences (perceptions of learning environment* learning preferences, motivation and approaches to study) of students at two universities. The study was conducted with the students who were taking honours degrees or Master’s degrees at the two universities. Sample consisted of 912 students from four subject areas: social sciences, science and technology, humanities and business and management. The students were sampled from all four years. There were 494 men and 418 women between 17 and 27 years age. The study drew upon quantitative and qualitative data. In addition to measures of students’ learning preferences and motivation, Course Experience Questionnaire and Approaches to Learning and Studying Inventory were used to measure the students’ perceptions of the teaming environment and their approaches to study, respectively, Interviews were conducted with the students to provide context to findings from the survey data. One of the objectives of the study was to examine how the Course Experience Questionnaire and the Approaches to learning and Studying Inventory work in higher educational context of Pakistan. The Approaches to Learning and Studying Inventory seemed to work well in the new context; its intended constituent structure was confirmed in factor analysis, and the identified scales (deep approach* organized studying, surface approach and monitoring studying) exhibited moderate to high reliability. However, the Course Experience Questionnaire worked slightly less well; its intended constituent structure was only partly confirmed in the new context. The results showed that the learning environment encouraged the desirable approaches (deep approach, organized studying and monitoring studying) more than the less desirable approaches (surface approach). The students who had positive perceptions of the learning environment were more likely to use the desirable approaches to study; they also tended to prefer courses, leaching and assessment that support understanding, and were engaged and reliable in their studies. On the other hand, the students who had negative perceptions of the learning environment, were more likely to use surface approach to study, and were also more likely to prefer the courses, teaching and assessment that support transmission of information. Students showed greater preference for the learning environment that supports understanding than the learning environment that supports transmission of information. Multivariate analysis of variance identified meaningful variations in the students’ perceptions of the learning environment, learning preferences, motivation and approaches to study, related to institution, subject area, year of study, timing of the programme, gender and age. Students in social sciences and humanities perceived their learning environment more positively and were more likely to use deep approach to study than students in science and technology. There were variations in students’ perceptions of the learning environment and in their learning preferences with age. Male and female students differed in their perceptions and motivation but not in their learning preferences and approaches to study. Students in morning and evening programmes showed variation in their perceptions and motivation but not in their preferences and approaches to study. Students in different years of study also differed in their perceptions but not in their preferences. motivations and approaches to study.