The term vulnerability denotes the degree to which human and environmental systems are likely to experience harm due to some perturbation or stress. One such stress is drought, which can be defined as a protracted period of deficient precipitation which causes depletion in which could prove fatal for crop yield. The scope of the impacts of drought largely depends upon the vulnerability of the affected area. There are two main types of drought vulnerabilities, namely, element vulnerability and system vulnerability. Element vulnerability refers to the degree of potential physical damage to the target elements at risk such as crops, livestock, soil, etc., in response to a hazard event of a given intensity, whereas system vulnerability refers to the conditions determined by the physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an anthropogenic system to the effects of hazards. The predominantly arid climate of Pakistan and the dependence of its economy on agriculture make it highly susceptible to effects of climate change, particularly drought. In this context, the proposed study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of the arid regions of Pakistan to drought, with particular reference to the climate change scenario. Meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socio-economic data was collected from various primary and secondary sources and three different indices (each representing a separate aspect of drought vulnerability) were prepared with the help of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). For the drought exposure index, the variables used were annual potential evapotranspiration, annual precipitation, aridity index value, per capita food grains production, rural population as percentage of total population, population density and percentage of area covered by barren, uncultivable land. For the drought sensitivity index, the variables used were percentage of farms using draught animals for tilling, percentage of cultivated area covered by plant protection measures, percentage of area covered by canal irrigation, percentage of area covered by forests, percentage of fragmented farms, percentage deviation of wheat production (from 30-year mean) during last major country-wide drought episode (1998-2002) and percentage NDVI change from 1998-2002. Variables used for the drought adaptive capacity index were percentage of farms having tube wells/water pumps, percentage of farm households under debt, percentage of farm households having additional income other than agriculture, percentage of farms having access to facilities for storing and preserving agricultural produce, percentage of farms reporting very heavy financial losses during last major drought episode (1998-2002), percentage of uneducated persons among agricultural population and percentage of farmers with access to crop insurance. Values of the exposure and sensitivity indices were added together and values of the drought adaptive capacity index were subtracted from it to create a composite drought vulnerability index of each district of the country. Findings of the study indicated that districts of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces were most vulnerable to drought, followed by KPK and Punjab provinces. Sindh and Baluchistan also ranked high on the drought exposure and sensitivity indices but achieved low scores on the adaptive capacity index. On the other hand, KPK and Punjab achieved comparatively lower scores on the exposure and sensitivity indices but ranked higher on the adaptive capacity index.
پروفیسر عثمان ادہمی یہ خبر بڑے رنج و غم کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی کہ ۱۵؍ مارچ کو دہلی میں پروفیسر عثمان ادہمی کا انتقال ہوگیا ان کا آبائی وطن بستی تھا مگر انہوں نے علی گڑھ میں اپنا مکان تعمیر کرالیا تھا، وہ مسلم یونیورسٹی میں حیاتیات کے پروفیسر تھے۔ ان کی علمی اور تنظیمی صلاحیتوں کا اس وقت زیادہ اندازہ ہوا جب وہ سید حامد صاحب کی وائس چانسلری کے زمانے میں پراکٹر تھے اور غالباً انہی کی تحریک اور جناب حکیم عبدالمجید صاحب کی خواہش پر ادہمی صاحب یونیورسٹی سے سبکدوش ہو کر ہمدرد اسٹڈی سرکل کے ڈائریکڑ ہوئے، ان کی اور سید صاحب کی مشترکہ جدوجہد سے اس کوچنگ سنٹر سے گزشتہ چھ برسوں میں ستر (۷۰) آئی۔اے۔ایس منتخب ہوئے جو ایک بڑا کارنامہ ہے، وہ مولانا آزاد میموریل اکادمی کے صدر بھی تھے جو ایک زمانے میں ان کی جدوجہد سے سرگرم رہی، ادہمی صاحب ایک شریف انسان اور قوم و ملت کے خاموش اور مخلص خادم تھے، وہ نام و نمود اور صلہ و ستائش سے ہمیشہ بے پرواہ رہے۔ ان کی ذاتی زندگی بھی صاف اور پاکیزہ تھی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے، متعلقین کو صبر جمیل دے اور ہمدرد اسٹڈی سرکل اور قوم کو ان کا نعم البدل عطا فرمائے۔ آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اپریل ۱۹۹۷ء)
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على الدور الوسيط للإبداع الإداري في العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية على البنوك التجارية العاملة بالمملكة العربية السعودية (الراجحي، العربي، ساب). وتمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في السؤال الرئيس التالي: هل الإبداع الإداري يتوسط العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية بالبنوك التجارية العاملة بالمملكة العربية السعودية (الراجحي، العربي، ساب) ؟ استخدم المنهج الوصفي، تم استخدام اسلوب الحصر الشامل، وصممت استبانة لجمع البيانات، تم بناء نموذج الدراسة وفرضياته اعتماداً على أدبيات الدارسة. تم توزيع عدد 205 استبانة، حيث بلغت نسبة البيانات الصالحة للتحليل 100%. وكذلك تم الاعتماد على نمذجة المعادلة البنائية (SEM) وفيها استخدم برنامج Amos)) وتم استخدام اختبار ألفا كرونباخ للاعتمادية واستخدام أسلوب تحليل المسار لاختبار فرضيات الدارسة. توصلت الدراسة الي وجود توسط جزئي للإبداع الإداري في العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية. اوصت الدراسة بان على المصارف التجارية الاهتمام بالإبداع الإداري ودعم العاملين لتقديم الأفكار الجديدة وتطوير العمل بتلقائية ويسر. وضرورة ان تقدم المصارف خدمات مصرفية ترضى العملاء. الكلمات المفتاحية: التسويق الإلكتروني، الترويج، الإبداع الإداري، المصارف.
Transform methods, such as the Laplace and the Fourier transforms, are widely used for analyzing the differential equations modeling the continuous dynamics of the engineering and physical systems. Traditionally, the transform methods based analysis is performed using paper-and-pencil proof and computer-based simulation techniques, such as sym bolic and numerical methods. However, due to their inherent limitations, such as the human-error proneness of paper-and-pencil proof methods and the presence of unverified symbolic algorithms, discretization and numerical errors in the simulations methods, these techniques cannot provide accurate results. The incomplete and inaccurate analysis poses a serious threat to the safety-critical domain, such as medicine and transportation, of engineering systems. To overcome these limitations, we propose to use higher-order-logic theorem proving to reason about the continuous dynamics of the engineering and physical systems using transform methods. The main advantages of this approach are the high expressiveness of the higher-order logic and the soundness of theorem provers, which provide absolute accu racy of the analysis. In particular, this thesis presents a higher-order-logic formalization of the Laplace and the Fourier transforms, which includes their formal definitions and the formal verification of their classical properties. The considered properties include integra bility, linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting, modulation, time scaling, time reversal, integration in time domain, differentiation in time domain, the Laplace and the Fourier transforms of a n-order differential equation and uniqueness. The formal reasoning about these properties involves multivariable calculus theories, i.e., the differential, integration, transcendental, topological, complex numbers, Lp spaces and vectors theories. Based on the availability of these theories in the HOL Light theorem prover, we chose it for our work. This thesis also provides the formal verification of a relationship between various transfor methods, i.e., the relationship between the Laplace and the Fourier transforms, and the relationship between the Fourier transform and the Fourier Cosine and Sine transforms. The proposed formalization plays a vital role in formally verifying the solutions of differential equations in both the time and the frequency domain and thus facilitates formal dynamical analysis of these systems. To illustrate the practical utilization and effectiveness, we use our proposed formalization for formally analyzing a 4-π soft error crosstalk model for Integrated Circuits (ICs), an audio equalizer, an Unmanned Free swimming Submersible (UFSS) vehicle and a platoon of automated vehicles using HOL Light.