ماحصل
بیسویں صدی کے پہلے عشرے میں ہی عالمگیر تبدیلیوں کے زیر اثر اردو زبان و ادب میں شعری شعور ایک منفرد اور نئے رجحان میں داخل ہو چکا تھا۔ جس کے دھندلے خطوط ۶۰ کی دہائی میں واضح نقوش اختیار کر کے ایک عام آدمی کے لئے بھی جیتی جاگتی تصویر دکھائی دینے لگے۔ زندگی میں تبدیلی کا راست اثر ادب پر بھی پڑتا ہے جو نمائندہ شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ تبدیلی کا عمل بڑی شخصیات کے قلب میں جنم لیتا ہے جو اپنے الفاظ کی اثر آفریبی سے مروجہ سوچ پر غالب آجاتا ہے۔ بڑی شخصیات کو زمان و مکان کی حدود و قیود میں مقید کرنا محال ہو جاتا ہے۔ ایسی شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کی پیمائش گھڑیوں ، مہینوں اور سالوں کے معیارات سے ممکن نہیں ہوتی۔ ایسی ہی ایک قد آور اور پر اثر شخصیت مراتب اختر کے نام سے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے شعری افق پر نمودار ہوئی اور اپنے جذبوں کی ہمہ رنگ قوس قزح کی روشنیاں بکھیر گئی۔ اس منفرد شاعر کی منفرد شاعری کا مقام و مرتبہ تو آئندہ تاریخی تناظر میں ہی ہو گا جس کو طے کرنا نقاد حضرات کا ہی کام ہے۔ لیکن اپنی تمام تر بے بصاعتی کے باوجود بڑے لوگوں کی آرا کو پیش کرنے کی سعادت اور ان کی شاعری کی عظمت کے تصویری خاکے اب بھی پیش کئے جا سکتے ہیں اور اس تصویر میں رنگ بھرنے کے لیے کسی بھی ناقد کو وسیع مطالعے کے ساتھ ساتھ طویل ذہنی سفر بھی کرنا پڑے گا تاکہ تصویر اپنے متعینہ چوکھٹے میں سج سکے۔ اس کی کچھ جھلک اور پرچھائیاں ان کے ہمسفر شعرا کی زبان ترجمان سے عیاں تو ہوتی ہیں مگر بشری محدودیتوں، باہمی عصبیتوں...
The concept of Secularism came to the Muslim world after Renaissance. Historically, the initial thoughts on the subject are found in the teachings of Greek Philosophers like Epicurus and Zeno. It was at first a discussion regarding the separation of religion and the state, the scientific advancements and the regime system in Modern Europe. Religion was considered as an obstacle by the West in their progress on the basis of reason and inquiry. Adaptation of secular approach helped the western countries to flourish in material fields. In Islamic world, secularism was not seen as a threat for religion before the twentieth century. Under colonization of many Muslim countries and particularly after the demise of Ottoman Empire which paved way to abolish Caliphate, the Muslim states adopted various western secular laws. Moreover, the Muslim countries went under heavy debts taken from European countries. They relied on foreign advisors and western education system for progress. The concept regarding the authority of Caliph changed. During the twentieth century, Muslim countries suffered politically and their geographical frontiers were changed. It created a kind of revolution in Muslim states. Revival of religious authority in modern political Muslim states is visible in central eastern countries during the last fifty years.
The current study aims to investigate the role of emotional problems in the context of emotion related outcomes which includes emotional intelligence, empathy, regulation, and expressivity. Further, in order to examine the relationship between emotional problems and emotional outcomes, this study also aims to figure out the moderating role of personality traits. For this purpose, a sample of (N = 1000) adolescents was enlisted from different areas of the Punjab province (Pakistan) by using purposive sampling technique. For data collection, Urdu version of the scales having determined psychometric properties such as School Children Problem Scale, Big Five Personality Inventory, Emotional Intelligence Scale, Emotional Empathy Scale, Emotional Expressivity Scale, and Emotional Regulation Scale were used. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version-21. Descriptive statistics, simple linear regression and hierarchical multiple regression were used for hypotheses testing. The findings of current study revealed that emotional problems significantly negatively predicted emotional intelligence (B = -.39, p < .01), emotional empathy (B = -.50, p < .01), emotional regulation (B = -.43, p < .01), and emotional expressivity (B = -.36, p < .01). Moderated multiple regression analysis revealed that personality traits did not play moderating role between the emotional problems and emotional intelligence (p > .05). Neuroticism (B = - .09, p < .01), openness to experience (B = -.18, p < .001) and conscientiousness (B = - .11, p < .01) did not reveal any association among the variables. However, they have played moderating role to determine the association between emotional problems and emotional regulation. In addition, Neuroticism (B = -.12, p < .01) played moderating role between the emotional problems and emotional empathy which has determined the link between two variables. Moreover, no moderating role of personality trait was found between emotional problems and emotional expressivity (p > .05). On the basis of gender and institution, findings on demographic differences did not indicate any difference in (t = 1.32, p > .05), socioeconomic status (t = 1.13, p > .05), family system (t = 1.27, p > .05)(t = 1.08, p > .05), and emotional problems. However, results of residential status (t = 2.34, p < .05) discovered that adolescents living in urban areas exhibited more emotional problems than adolescents belonging to the rural areas.