In the early years of Pakistan, Pakistan Muslim League, kept the opposition parties away from power through using government funds to defame the opposition. The general elections were avoided on the adult franchise basis till 1970. The basis of the parliamentary democracy was shattered by the party or parties in the government. The 1970 elections on the adult franchise basis, for the first time in the history of Pakistan, gave voice and public strength to the tinny elected opposition in the parliament, to participate actively in the constitution-making of Pakistan and general legislation in the interest of common man. This Ph.D. level research was conducted to ascertain whether the opposition played a vital role in the constitution-making of Pakistan while sitting on the opposition benches of the National Assembly of Pakistan and the Senate of Pakistan by addressing the constitutional, social, political, economic and religious issues concerning the people of Pakistan. The study was conducted in the main framework of the parliamentary democracy followed by the opposition in and outside the parliament. This dissertation has elaborated the role played by the opposition benches in the Interim Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan during 1972, Constitutional Accord of 1972, the 1973 original Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, basic and main amendments presented by the government benches and has critically analyzed the legislation over constitutional, social, political, economic and religious issues within the debates of the legislature. Despite hurdles, pressures, and constraints, the opposition in Pakistan during 1972-1977 showed insight and has constantly set precedents of sacrifice for national causes, especially in the political and constitutional issues. The study is very useful for all the parliamentarians and especially for the opposition benches in Pakistan and outside as well.
احسان دانش قلم یہاں تک پہنچا تھا کہ ایک اخبار میں اچانک اپنے عزیز اوردیرینہ دوست احسان دانش کے انتقال کی خبر نظر سے گزری توصدمہ ہوا۔ مرحوم ضلع مظفر نگر کے ایک قصبہ میں پیداہوئے، لاہور پہنچ کرمزدوری کی،اسی سے مزدوروں کے شاعربنے۔ بڑی شہرت اورمقبولیت پائی، تقسیم کے بعد مرجھا سے گئے تاہم اطمینان اورفارغ البالی کی زندگی بسر کرتے تھے۔ طبعاً مرنج ومرنجان،متواضع و منکسر المزاج اورعقیدہ وعمل کے اعتبار سے پکے مسلمان تھے۔ اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔ [اپریل۱۹۸۲ء]
This research article is based on contribution of sub-continent’s outstanding Islamic personalities and their leading role which they have played in establishing and strengthening linguistically, literarily and cultural links between Arabs and non-Arabs Various Arabic cultured institutions of higher learning under the personal guidance and scholarly interest Sultans setups which produced a good number of writers, Islamic thinkers, commentators of the holy Quran, scholars of hadith and understanding of language and literature. Moreover, their nobal work can be composed to any great arab scholar. The work, personalities and their extra ordinary Arabic books including literature in sub-continent is key part of this research. These personalities are Ameer Ali, Mohammad Aizaz Ali, Allama Syed Abu-Alhasan Ali Al-Nadvi, Shah Waliullah Dehlvi, Mahmmod Bin Muhammad Al Janfori, Shaikh Nizamuddin Lakhnavi, Al-Hindi Saffiduddin and Hazarat Shah Ismail Shaeed Brailvi.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder which is associated with swelling and inflammation in the synovial membrane of joints leading to bone and joint damage. Etiology of this disorder still needs a comprehensive understanding however the relationship among different factors of genetics and environment is supposed to lead towards the occurrence of this disease with 65% involvement of inheritance and the rest being attributed to the environment. Approximately one percent of the global population which usually comprises the adults and is mostly from the developed states is affected by this disorder whereas Pakistan’s prevalence for this disease is reported to be around 0.1-0.5%. Several studies in the past have identified and named a range of variants and loci which are found connected with RA incidence in inhabitants of diverse populations. The T-cell Activation RhoGTPase Activating Protein (TAGAP) is one such gene which is considered meticulously significant in RA and other autoimmune disorders because of its involvement in T cells activation. Considering the SNP association studies, so far three TAGAP gene polymorphisms have been reported to have significant association with RA in different populations of Europe and they are rs212389, rs182429 and rs394581. Present study was aimed to carry out both in-vitro and in-vivo investigations on different aspects of the TAGAP gene including the association of its SNPs with RA in Pakistani population, kinetics of its expression in this disease and computational analysis of its missense SNPs to identify the deleterious mutations which could lead to the malfunctioning of this gene. A SNP association study on Pakistani RA patients (n=186) and healthy controls (n=185) was carried out through Taqman SNP genotyping assays. The results showed that the TAGAP polymorphism rs182429 is associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (P=0.0014) under recessive genetic model while no association was found for the other SNP rs212389. Investigating TAGAP expression in cia mice model showed descending pattern in spleen and lymph nodes (P<0.01) while the disease affected paws depicted an increase in the gene expression. This altered expression reflects the movement of leukocytes towards the antigen presentation sites and then to the disease site with the progression of the immune response. Kinetics of the TAGAP mRNA expression analysis revealed notably higher levels of TAGAP in RA patients from both European and Pakistani population (P<0.05). IFNγ was also found significantly higher in RA patients (P<0.05) but no correlation was detected between TAGAP and IFNγ. The in silico approach to analyze missense SNPs in TAGAP revealed three highly damaging non-synonymous missense SNPs which might affect the protein’s structure and/or function. These are Glycine to Glutamic Acid at site 120, Glycine to Tryptophan at site 141 and Valine to Methionine at site 151.It can be stated that this project will help in exploring therapeutic strategies for RA hence will contribute in the management of the disease and that would be a great benefit for upcoming generations.