The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety in Iranian and Pakistani students, and also to see the interaction effect of gender and culture on dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety in both samples. For this purpose, a total sample of 1500 students was taken (based on equal number from Iran and Pakistan) with an age range between 20-40 years. The data were collected from two public universities of Iran (Isfahan & Kashan) and Pakistan (University of the Punjab and Government College University). The dysfunctional attitude of the participants was assessed through Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS, Weissman & Beck, 1980). Participants‟ anxiety was assessed through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1-Y2; Spielberger, 1983). An Exploratory Factor Analyses was run to explore the dimensions of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Form-A). Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to assess the relationship between dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety. Regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of anxiety in students. The two way ANOVA was used to explore the interaction effect of gender and culture on dysfunctional attitude and state-trait anxiety. Process Analysis was used to assess the moderate relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and state-trait anxiety. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded four factor solutions, based on 40 items of DAS-A which reflected themes of Perfectionism (Fifteen items), Approval (Twelve items), Achievement (seven items) and Autonomy (six items). The findings showed significant positive relationship between dysfunctional attitude and state-trait anxiety in Iranian and Pakistani university students. The findings also revealed that trait anxiety and state anxiety were significantly related with each other. The findings xx showed non-significant main effect of gender, but a significant main effect of culture on dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement. In Iranian students, state anxiety was predicted by marital status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement, while trait anxiety was predicted by marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents and dysfunctional attitudes: perfectionism and achievement. In Pakistani sample, state anxiety was predicted by marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitude of perfectionism, while trait anxiety was predicted by gender, marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism. However, in combined sample (both Pakistani and Iranian), variables such as gender, single marital status, unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement emerged as significant predictors of trait anxiety. Moreover, culture, marital status, unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement predicted state anxiety in combined sample. Moderation analysis showed that culture moderated the relationship between perfectionism, achievement and state-trait anxiety in student population. Findings of the study revealed important implications for both researchers and clinicians; who use shortened version of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-A) to identify common dysfunctional attitudes across two cultural groups and to provide them effective therapeutic intervention to overcome performance anxiety.
ماہ گزشتہ میں ایم مہدی حسن (افادی الاقتصادی) کا انتقال ادبیات اردو کے لئے ایک سخت حادثہ ہوا، مرحوم ایک سحرنگار ادیب اور ایک خاص طرزِ انشاء (اسٹائل) کے موجد تھے، معارف کے افق پر یہ برق ایک سے زائد بار چمکی اور یقین ہے کہ ناظرین کے دلوں میں ’’شبلی سوسائٹی اور معاصرانہ چشمک‘‘ کے لکھنے والے کی یاد ابھی بالکل تازہ ہوگی، مرحوم کو مولانا شبلی کی ذات سے گہرا تعلق تھا، اسی لئے وہ معارف کو بھی بہت عزیز رکھتے تھے اور دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامی کے رکن تھے، ادب و انشاء کا ایسا ذوقِ سلیم رکھنے والے افراد مدتوں میں پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ افسوس ہے کہ ۲۲؍ نومبر کو یہ ماہتاب کمال پیوند خاک ہوگیا۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ۔
گورگھ پور وطن تھا، مشرقی تعلیم کے ساتھ انگریزی تعلیم حاصل کی تھی۔ قرق امینی سے تحصیلداری تک بتدریج ترقی کی تھی۔ نہایت مہذب اور سنجیدہ تھے، مزاج میں نفاست اور لطافت حد درجہ تھی۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۲۱ء)
اردو کے لطیف انشا پرداز ایم مہدی حسن مرحوم (افادی الاقتصادی) کی یاد اب تک ان کے قدردانوں کے دلوں میں باقی ہوگی، مرحوم کی زندگی کی خالص خصوصیت لطافت پسندی تھی، جس سے ان کی زندگی کا کوئی شعبہ خالی نہ تھا، رہنا سہنا، پہنا اوڑھنا، پڑھنا لکھنا، سفر اور قیام، خیال اور تصور، تحریر اور تقریر ہر شے میں ان کی یہ خصوصیت نمایاں تھی، مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے لٹریچر کے وہ شیدا تھے، وہ ڈھونڈھ کر عمدہ سے عمدہ لفافے اور کاغذ مولانا کے پاس بھیجتے تھے کہ وہ ان پر ان کو خط لکھیں، جب دارالمصنفین سے کتابیں منگواتے تھے تو فرمائش ہوتی تھی کہ کتاب کی...
Islam is a religion of peace and harmony. The Islamic teachings are guarantee of peaceful co-existence. A society which practices Islamic teachings of peaceful co-existence, brotherhood and cooperation makes advancement. Disharmony and non-tolerance causes societal decline. The article focuses the importance of peaceful co-existence in light of the Islamic teachings. Besides discussing the principles of societal peace mentioned in the holy Qur’an and Hadith, it has been elaborated that how these principles can be applied to achieve and maintain societal peace and order in contemporary times. The articles ends with some guiding principles and details as suggested in the Qur’an and Sunnah. A Muslim society can prosper only by adopting these principles in letter and spirit and resultantly their differences will be a thing of past. These guiding principles are as under: § Justice and Equality. § Guarantee to rights of all segments of society. § Abiding the rulers in lawful. § Promulgation of Islamic Sharia and observing its objectives. § Adopting moderate and balanced approach in religious matters. § Discharging the duty of preaching in light of Qur’an &Sunnah. § Cooperation in righteous &lawful and avoiding conflict. § Performing citizenry duties in light of Islamic Teachings. § Participating in reformative activities of society.
Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is famous for its medicinal and aesthetic values which put it among the top floriculture crops in the world. Drought stress negatively affects various physiological and biochemical mechanisms taking place in the marigold which leads to irreparable damage to cell organelles and consequently results in significant loss of flower yield. Various plant growth regulators are reported to have positive roles in the drought stress amelioration. However, there is a lack of work done focusing on the effect of salicylic acid (SA) application on marigold plant growth and drought tolerance. A series of rain-out shelter and a field experiments were conducted for this study. A local marigold variety Desi gainda/Gutta was used for all experiments. In the dose optimization experiment for SA seed priming, five treatments including no priming, hydro-priming, priming with SA @ 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 were applied to marigold in the normal as well as drought stress conditions. From the above study, 100 mg L-1 proved optimum rate of SA for seed priming. In the same way, for the dose optimization of SA foliar application, the experimentation was repeated according to Experiment 1. There were two drought stress levels i.e. normal irrigation and drought. No spray, water spray, SA @ 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 were the treatments used. Salicylic acid applied with 100 mg L-1 concentration performed the best and found optimum rate for foliar spray. In the next experiment, optimum method of SA application was determined. Six treatments including, no treatment, hydro-priming, priming with SA (optimum dose), water spray, SA foliar spray (optimum dose), SA priming plus SA foliar spray (optimized doses). Foliar spray of SA was found more viable method and suggested optimum method of SA application. In next experiment, the best time to apply SA was determined. Plants were grown till maturity and drought stress was imposed by skipping every alternate irrigation in pots. The treatments used included no spray, SA foliar spray (100 mg L-1) at vegetative, SA foliar spray (100 mg L-1) at reproductive growth stages of marigold and SA foliar spray (100 mg L-1) at both vegetative plus reproductive growth stages. Reproductive growth stage was found more responsive towards SA foliar spray using 100 mg L-1 rate. After that the results obtained from above mentioned studies were verified in the field. In the field conditions, drought stress was imposed by skipping every alternate irrigations to crop in experiment 5 and SA was sprayed by optimized dose, method and time, as from above indicated experiments, to marigold plants. Results suggested that drought stress seriously damaged the growth of marigold plant and SA foliar application improved growth and helped plants in increasing their yield during and without drought stress. Further, it was concluded that exogenous application of SA, not only increased bioproductivity of marigold plants but also ameliorated the negative impacts of drought stress by enhancing drought tolerance potential in plants.