The ecological footprint is one of the important environmental impact indicator of humanity’s demand for crop, forest, fishing grounds, grazing and built-up land as well as for the area of land required to assimilate CO2 emissions and waste generated by human activities. This indicator describes resource budget and environmental degradation of globe, a region, a nation or a city in a given year. This study examined trends of ecological footprint, economic growth and ecological efficiency of middle and high income countries. It also estimated the gap between a country’s efficiency in resource utilization and maximum ecological efficiency of total footprints and its components. Besides, inequality in the distribution of income, environmental impact intensity (or ecological efficiency) and ecological footprint for the group of middle and high income countries is also estimated. The study used the panel dataset for the period 2003- 2011 that covered 35 High and 77 Middle income countries. The data on the Ecological footprint was obtained from Global Footprint Network. The Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model was used as an analytical tool to examine the effect of various driving forces on total ecological footprint, cropland, forest, fishing grounds, grazing land, CO2 footprint and built-up land footprint. The Atkinson Index was used as an analytical tool to examine inequality between High and Middle income countries in distribution of income, footprints and environmental impact intensity. The findings revealed that the high income countries used more ecological resources than their biocapacity as compared to middle income countries. The ecological footprint, GDP per capita, ecological efficiency, fossil fuel consumption, and level of urbanization and service intensity of high income countries are larger than middle income countries. While population density, annual working hours, and manufacturing and services intensity of high income countries are lower than middle income countries. Similarly, the sampled countries have more potential in cropland, forest and grazing land activities, followed by CO2 footprint, fishing grounds and built-up land footprint for achieving maximum level of ecological efficiency. The regression analysis of combined panel supports the environmental Kuznets Hypothesis in case of total ecological footprint and its components. The separate panel model regression analysis of high income countries supports the hypothesis in case of total ecological footprint, fishery, and grazing and built-up land footprint. The results of middle income countries of total ecological footprint, cropland, CO2 footprint and grazing land footprint support the hypothesis that decoupling of economic growth accelerates environmental sustainability. The major driving forces that contribute to increase in total ecological footprint are economic growth, population, xiii level of urbanization, fossil fuel consumption, export intensity and income inequality. Similarly, a rise in economic growth, population, export and manufacturing intensity, working hours, coal, oil and gas consumption increases CO2 footprint of the sample countries. However, further level of economic development and education improve environmental quality by reducing cropland, fishing grounds and forest footprint. The comparison of resource distribution through Atkinson Index shows that high income countries have larger equality in footprint and environmental impact intensity than middle income countries in case of grazing land, forest, fishing grounds and built-up land. It is suggested that both high and middle income countries should control ecological overshooting. Investment in education is instrumental in reducing the ecological footprint. Rural areas should be developed through creating job opportunities, agro-based business activities and small scale industries which will reduce pressure on built-up land footprint. Production and use of renewable energy alternatives such as wind, solar system and micro hydro power plants can lessen the CO2 footprint and also leads toward environmental sustainability. The high and middle income countries should prioritize the utilization efficiency of cropland, forest and grazing land. The high income countries should reduce their footprint associated with forest, CO2, fishing grounds and built-up land, because its average environmental impact intensity is greater than their biocapacity. The middle income countries should reduce cropland and grazing land footprint due to their larger mean environmental impact intensity than high income countries.
آہ! پروفیسر عتیق احمد صدیقی ۱۷؍ دسمبر کو علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو کے سابق صدر پروفیسر عتیق احمد صدیقی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مرحوم کا وطن دیوبند تھا، ان کی تعلیم دوسرے اداروں میں ہوئی تھی لیکن علی گڑھ تحریک اور سرسید احمد خاں مرحوم کے عاشق تھے، ان دونوں کی کشش انہیں علی گڑھ کھینچ لائی اور یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں درس و تدریس کی خدمت پر مامور ہوئے اور ترقی کر کے پروفیسر، صدر شعبہ اردو اور آرٹس فیکلٹی کے ڈین ہوئے، وہ سر سید ہال کے پرووسٹ بھی رہے، سرسید اکیڈمی کے اڈیٹر کی حیثیت سے ان پر بعض سمینار کرائے، ایک سمینار میں مجھے بھی شرکت کا موقع بخشا، جامعہ اردو کے نایب شیخ الجامعہ ہوکر اسے بڑا فیض پہنچایا۔ عتیق صاحب نے سودا کے قصاید پر تحقیقی مقالہ لکھ کر ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی تھی، ان کی مرتب کردہ اور ترجمہ کی ہوئی کتابوں کے نام یہ ہیں: انتخابؔ مضامین سرسید، بازیافتؔ، مراسلات سرسید، انتخابؔ الٰہی بخش معروف، انتخابؔ مضامین زمین دار، اشاریہؔ تنقید، مولاناؔ سید سلیمان ندوی (سمینار میں پڑھے گئے مضامین کا مجموعہ)، اسلامؔ اور امن عالم، اسلامؔ اکیسویں صدی میں، آخری دونوں کتابیں ترجمہ ہیں۔ قدرت نے مرحوم کو درد مند دل اور دینی مزاج عطا کیا تھا، نماز جماعت سے ادا کرتے، دہلی مسجد کے امام بھی تھے، قوم کی فلاح و بہبود اور مسلمانوں کی معاشرتی اصلاح اور تعلیمی ترقی کے بڑے آرزو مند تھے، ملازمت سے سبک دوش ہونے کے بعد علم و تعلیم کے فروغ اور اصلاح معاشرت کے لیے اپنی زندگی وقف کردی تھی، رابطہ کمیٹی یو۔پی کے اہم عہدیداروں میں تھے، اس کے معاشرتی اور تعلیمی کارواں کے ساتھ ملک کے اکثر علاقوں کا دورہ کیا، ایک بار یہ کاروان جناب...
Plant are benefitted in different aspects by symbiotic bacteria. Environmental conditions, Plant conditions and type of pathogens determine these important services for plants Objective: The research was conducted to assess the plant growth enhancing effects of wheat and cabbage rhizobacteria on the growth of wheat plantMethods: For this purpose, total 49 bacteria were isolated and characterized from the rhizosphere of wheat and cabbage plants. The isolates were assessed for plant growth promoting properties such as: indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, antibacterial activity and heavy metal resistance. Indole acetic acid was found to be produced by 7 isolates and phosphate solubilization was shown by 20 isolates. Antibacterial activity was determined against four clinical isolates like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosaResults: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was shown by 38 isolates, 12 isolates showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp, whereas no isolate was found to bepositive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another plant growth enhancing trait (heavy metal resistance) was shown by 28 rhizobacteria. In order to evaluate the capability of isolates to enhance the plant growth, bio-inoculation assay was performed using wheat seedsConclusions: Rhizobacterial inoculation increased the number of roots, shoots, leaves and roots and shoot length of wheat plantlets as compared to un-inoculated control.
Multiple decision-making models are undertaking the complexity of the organizations with measurable mathematical models may be very hard, particularly when there is an absence of numerical data. The idea of fuzzy set was presented by Zadeh (Zadeh, 1975). Fuzzy set theory has been applied in many fields such as, homoeopathic judgment, computer science, fuzzy algebra and decision-making problems. In real life, there are a measure of decision problems in which rank relations occur between different criteria, for example, when we buy an air ticket for traveling by considering the criteria such as "safety", "price" and "quality of service". Obviously, "safety" is with the highest priority compared with the others. Therefor in Atanassov (Atanassov, 1986) introduction the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and considered the degree of membership as well as the degree of non-membership function. The situation of manufacture with indecision in real world problems has been a tough research that has produced unlike administrations and theories. Fuzzy decision making by their extensions have providing an extensive variety of tools that are bright to contract with indecision in dissimilar types of problems. Fuzzy decision-making methods have become slowly popular in decision making for personnel selection. According to Liang et al. (Liang, 2017), inadequate opinions are then finished with data vaccinated from reliable experts. In adding with respect to Liang et al. (Liang, 2017), such thoughts are more adapted by simulating their evolution due to social influence. It is also demonstrated that, under certain assumptions, the development of feelings due to effect joins to a final collective opinion. Cubic sets were introduced by Jun et al. (Jun, 2012), are the generalizations of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, in which there are two representations, one is used for the degree of membership and other is used for the non-membership. The membership function is hold in the form of interval while non-membership over the normal fuzzy set. This thesis consists of ten chapters. In chapter one, we present some basic definitions and results which are directly used in our work. Here we discussed Fuzzy set, interval-valued fuzzy set, Intuitionistic fuzzy set, triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number, trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy number, intuitionistic linguistic fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy set and cubic set. In chapter 2, we present a new idea of cubic TOPSIS method with complete explanation providing in the form of different examples. We existing a new idea of cubic grey analysis set and proposed CF-MAGDM Model. In chapter 3, we introduce some basic concepts and operation laws related to triangular cubic fuzzy numbers and crisp weighted possibility means are defined. We developed weighted average operator of TCFNs and hamming distance of the TCFN are defined. We develop an MCDM method approach based on an extended VIKOR method using TCFNS; MCDM method using TCFN’s are developed. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach. We discuss in comparison analyses. In chapter 4, we define some new concepts comprising the definition, operations, crisp weighted possibility means and hamming distance of the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). In Section 4, we develop a MAGDM approach based on an extended VIKOR method using trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). We discuss implementation of the solution methodology to solve the PLS problem. A discussion of the obtained results and sensitivity analysis are also included in this section. In chapter 5, we present some Einstein operations on cubic fuzzy sets (CFSs) and analysis some desirable properties of the proposed operations. We first develop some novel arithmetic averaging operators, such as the cubic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (CFEWA) operator, cubic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (CFEOWA) operator and cubic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted averaging (CFEHWA) operator, for aggregating a collection of cubic fuzzy numbers (CFNs). We apply the CFEHWA operator to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) with cubic fuzzy material. Gives a numerical example according to our approach. In chapter 6, we discuss the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy number (TrCFN) and operational laws. We present some Einstein operations on trapezoidal cubic fuzzy sets (TrCFSs) and analysis some desirable properties of the proposed operations. We first develop some novel arithmetic averaging operators, such as the trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (TrCFEWA) operator, trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (TrCFEOWA) operator and trapezoidal cubic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted averaging (TrCFEHWA) operator, for aggregating a collection of trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers (TrCFNs). We apply the TrCFEHWA operator to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) with trapezoidal cubic fuzzy material. Gives a numerical example according to our approach. We discuss comparison analysis. In chapter 7, we present the definition and operational laws of CFLSs. The score function, accuracy function, and certainty function for CFLV are also defined and thereby a lexicographer method is established to rank the CFLVs. Three kinds of cubic fuzzy linguistic arithmetic aggregation operators are defined and their required properties are deliberated in detail. Two decision methods for MAGDM problems with CFLVs are proposed. An example of investment choice and comparison analysis is given. In chapter 8, we exhibit of triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy sets and triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy elements. We exhibit a series of aggregation operators for triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy information and watch the associations among these aggregation operators. We develop an approach to group decision makings with triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy data. The application of the developed approach in group decision-making problems is shown by an illustrative example. Results and discussion are defined. In chapter 9, we exhibit a series of aggregation operators for triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy information and watch the associations among these aggregation operators. Develops an approach to group decision makings with triangular cubic linguistic hesitant fuzzy data. The application of the developed approach in group decisionmaking problems is shown by an illustrative example. We propose the comparison method. In chapter 10, we develop trapezoidal cubic hesitant fuzzy number and operational laws. We propose trapezoidal cubic hesitant fuzzy TOPSIS method. A numerical example of the proposed model is presented. We discuss comparison to different method.