Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Ecological Modulation of Phytosterol of Selected Food Commodities to Control Hyperlipidemia

Ecological Modulation of Phytosterol of Selected Food Commodities to Control Hyperlipidemia

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Yousaf, Anam

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13074/1/final%20Anam%20PhD%20Thesis1%20%2031-may-2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724642065

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


The present study was aimed to improve the phytosterol contents in food commodities. Plant microbe interaction is an efficient and ecofriendly way to induce nutritional or desired contents, plant biochemicals to get improved food crops. The present study addresses the issue of nutritional improvement of food crops to provide healthy food, to the people for global green food security. The plant microbe interactions establish a direct relation with plant throughout its development. This resistance termed as induced systemic resistance (ISR) can be achieved applying non-pathogenic bacterial strains. This phenomenon of ISR has been used to manage barley crop using Acetobacter aceti as a biological inducer. Initially, staple food crops Triticum aestivum (wheat), Cicer arietinum (white chickpea), Cicer arietinum (black chickpea), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Oryza sativa (rice), Zea mays (corn) and Pennisetum glaucum (millet) were screened for their phytosterol contents on the basis of their nutritional quantities e.g. biochemicals, physical texture, vitamin contents. All these staple crops were evaluated through transcriptional analysis of squalene synthase (SS) genes which have a direct relation with increased phytosterol production. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard procedures and it was recorded that food crop varieties exhibit variable levels of pectins, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, terpenoids, phytosterols and flavonoids. High nutritional and biochemical staple food varieties were screened. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) screened out among other staple food crops showed the maximum amount of phytosterols 0.239 ± 0.04 g/kg and other plant biochemicals which are essential in plant growth. These phytosterols compounds are one of the documented remedies for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Thus, regular consumption of food with high contents of phytosterols controls lipid absorption most efficiently than other food products. Additionally, its dietary benefits and nutritional facts further support its use as most recommended staple food crop worldwide. Squalene synthase expression analysis including a family of genes i.e. SSA, SS1, SS2 and SS3 was carried out using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in selected staple food crops yielding elevated expression of the most of these genes. Maximum expression of SSA was recorded in chickpea black 64.3 ± 4.63 ng/5μL, which was closely related to barley and chickpea white with 62.91 ± 4.23 and 60.8 ± 3.98 ng/5μL respectively. Wheat and millet exhibited close expression of SSA gene 54.87 ± 3.86 and 54.79 ± 3.68 ng/5μL respectively. Comparatively, rice showed lesser expression of SSA gene 50.07 ± 3.01 ng/5μL, whereas, corn recorded least expression with 28.92 ± 1.27 ng/5μL. Gene SS1 showed maximum expression in barley along with chickpea black and corn 30.14 ± 1.78, 29.91 ± 1.69 and 29.0 ± 1.03 ng/5μL. SS2 gene recorded its maximum expression in barley 41.7 ± 1.99 ng/5μL, chickpea black 39.8 ± 1.98 ng/5μL and corn 37.9 ± 1.76 ng/5μL. Wheat 37.2 ± 1.69 ng/5μL showed no difference in SS2 gene expression than corn, however, SS2 was significantly less expressive in millet 33.8 ± 1.31 ng/5μL and chickpea white 33.1 ± 1.29 ng/5μL. SS3 gene is mainly responsible for squalene production in wheat 44.21 ± 2.43 ng/5μL. Among other staple food crops barley, 42.84 ± 2.16 ng/5μL and chickpea black 42.39 ± 2.01 ng/5μL recorded a second highest expression of SS3 genes. Following with corn 41.86 ± 1.97 ng/5μL, rice 40.87 ± 1.46 ng/5μL and white chickpea recorded 39.8 ± 1.16 ng/5μL. whereas, millet recorded no SS3 gene expression. Different strains of bacillus i.e. AC1, AC2, AC3…AC8 was analyzed as plant inducers and AC8 was screened out as the best inducer in barley. It induced highest quantities of phtosterols 0.008 ± 0.001 g/kg including other biochemicals (i.e. phenolics, alkaloids and terpenoids). AC8 also showed its maximum activity in SS gene expression analysis. The most expressive gene recorded under AC8 treatment was SSA, which has the maximum role in the up regulation of squalene synthase and phytosterols. SS2 reported second highly induced gene against AC8 treatment. SS3 recorded at third level. SS1 was reported as the least expressive gene. AC8 reported as the most favorable microbial strain which showed the best relationship with barley and reported the maximum genetic expression of SSA. AC7 reported as least significant strain in an expression of gene SS1. The current study revealed that among eight microbial strains AC8 had a maximum potential to increase ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine and riboflavin in barley than other microbial strains. AC8 screened out among other microbial strains on the basis of its high vitamins induction potential. AC3 plus AC6 were reported second in the recorded list although other strains had a chronological reduction in vitamins as AC2 > AC7 > AC4 > AC5 and AC1. Overall temperature variation results revealed that AC8 treated barley showed significant induction of phytosterols 0.009 ± 0.003 g/kg and vitamins at T3 (26.5 ± 1.5 °C). Chromatographic techniques such as preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC), column chromatography (CC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) were used to identify bioactive compounds of A. aceti. Identified bioactive compounds were responsible for vitamins and phytosterol induction in barley. A total of 13 bioactive compounds were identified through bioactivity guided assay and were analyzed through principle component analysis. Mainly four chemical compounds i.e., quinolinic acid, pyridoxic acid, p.Aminobenzoate and α-Oxobutanoic acid were evaluated through PCA directly associated with increased vitamin contents. Solvent system chloroform: ethanol (4:1) was used to extract bioactive compounds of A. aceti from its crude metabolites. Selected crops were tested against cholesterol reduction in albino rats. The rats were fed with different selected crops and found that the barley 121.7 ± 6.26 mg/dl reduced maximum blood cholesterol level. The selected crop barley was further treated with eight different bacterial strains to enhance its nutritional values and checked against cholesterol reduction. The AC8 treated barley 119.9 ± 5.19 mg/dl reported a maximum reduction in total cholesterol. Following with AC8 treated barley grown at T3 (26.5 ± 1.5 °C) temperature reported maximum cholesterol reduction with 112.6 ± 4.16 mg/dl. This study on small-scale produced good results in the rhizospheric induction of microbes in barley crop. This association promoted the production of phytosterols, vitamins and other nutrients in barley crop. Such barley crop fortified with nutrients could be used to manage the lipid metabolic syndrome for a healthy life.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

المبحث الثالث: فلسفة الحیاۃ

المبحث الثالث: فلسفة الحیاۃ

قصیدۃ (أغنية للحیاة) ([1]) لنازک الملائکۃ

سألوا في غدٍ([2]) عن ھوانا([3])

ونحنُ ترابٌ مع الذکريات

وراحَ یُجیبُھم العابرون([4])

بأنّا مررنا بھذي الحیاۃ([5])

وذقنا الھوی والمُنی والعذاب

ثمّ عدنا رُفات([6]) کأسلافنا([7])

علی أثرینا([8]) الریاحُ وعفّت([9])

وعدنا([10]) ضباباً([11]) تلاشی([12]) ومات

وقال لھم قائلٌ: إنّنا

شربنا الأسی([13]) في ثنایا([14]) الکؤوس

وإنّ ا بتساماتنا کنّ لوناً

یغلّف([15]) شیئا طوتہ([16]) النفوس

وإنّا دفعنا أنا شیدنا

وأحلامنا للرّجاء العبوس([17])

وکنّا کمن قبلنا غرباءَ([18])

علی الأرض ثم طوتَنا الرّموس([19])

فمن سوف یخبرھم أنّنا

شربنا العذوبۃ حتی سکرِنا([20])

وأنّا ملکنا([21]) ضیاء([22]) النجوم

ودجلۃ([23]) والفجرَ فیما ملَکنا

وکانت لنا من خدودِ النسیم([24])

وسائدُ([25]) تسندُنا([26]) إن کلنا...

امن کے حوالہ سے اسلام پر کئے جانے والے اعتراضات و شبہات کا جائزہ

In the present age, a great conflict has become the source of clash between Islām and the rest of the world, especially, the western world. The world of Islām is accused of having and breeding the fanatical elements, who help promote terrorism in the world. The Western world and the media leave no opportunity to malign the name of the most peaceful religion of the world. This article illumines that Islām is a peace loving religion and does not approve terrorism. Those elements, involved in disrupting peace are not the true representative of Islām. They make a very minor portion of the Islamic world. The majority of Muslims are peace loving people and they need to be given a due coverage by the media. This research article is an attempt to present a very soft, peaceful and noble image of Islām before the world, especially, the western world. The two main sources of Islām: al-Qur’ān and the sayings of the Prophet of Islām, the prophet Muḥammadﷺ, have been quoted extensively, to prove that the religion and the meanings of the world, ‘Islām’, all reflect peace, fraternity, friendship and altruism. The Western scholars have also been quoted appropriately to support the said premise.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Nickel Nanoparticles

A new facile and effortless method has been introduced for the fabrication of l-cysteine capped nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) in an organic solvent (ethylene glycol) under microwave irradiation with the aim to employ such nanoparticles as catalysts in remediation/reduction of pollutants for environmental or analytical purposes. Appropriate amounts of NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 and l-cysteine were significant for the formation of Ni NPs. The surface interaction of l-cysteine with Ni NPs was monitored by UV-Vis spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy while size and shape of as-synthesized Ni NPs were judged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These studies confirmed the interaction of biomolecules with the surface of Ni NPs via the -S- linkage to form spherical Ni NPs. The Ni NPs were recovered and reused four times for the reduction of fresh 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) with 100-98% efficiency that exhibit negligible catalytic poisoning with excellent economic output. Further these Ni NPs were also used to investigate their catalytic efficiency to reduce hexavalent chromium i.e. Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium i.e. Cr(III) in aqueous system. We observed complete reduction of Cr(VI) in only five minutes by the use of 0.5 mg quantity of l-cysteine derived Ni NPs as catalysts. Synthesis of nickel nanowires (Ni NWs) by a simple chemical approach and their use as highly active and recyclable catalysts for conversion of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to acetone by the transfer hydrogenation reaction was carried out in an aqueous medium. The Ni NWs were obtained by reducing Ni 2+ ions with hydrazine xiiimonohydrate as the reducing agent and capped by l-methionine (amino acid) molecules. The basic pH, high concentration of reducing agent and higher molar ratio of Ni/l-methionine were necessary for synthesis of Ni NWs. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization of Ni NWs. The catalytic test was performed in the presence of the rich hydrogen source NaBH 4 , which helps in the conversion of IPA to acetone. The effects of concentration of IPA, concentration of NaBH 4 , reaction time and amount of Ni NWs were monitored to investigate the efficiency of catalysts. The study also describes synthesis of highly active and ordered structures of nickel nanocatalysts by a green and economically viable approach. The study reveals efficient catalytic activity for the degradation of a number of toxic and lethal organic dyes such as Eosin-B (EB), Rose bengal (RB), Ereochrome black-T (ECBT) and Methylene blue (MB). The stable colloidal dispersions of ordered nickel nanostructures (Ni NSs) arrays were prepared via a modified hydrazine reduction route with unique and controllable morphologies in a lyotropic liquid crystalline medium using a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100). Characterization studies and optimization of various parameters for preparation of these nanoscale nickel structures, surface binding interactions, size and morphologies of the fabricated Ni NSs were carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM analysis. We introduced a simple and primitive seed-mediated growth approach for fabrication of well dispersed l-threonine derived nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) using xivnickel chloride as the precursor in an aqueous medium via a modified borohydride reduction method. L-threonine molecules served to tune the nanoscale composites. Appropriate amounts of NaOH/HCl were added to adjust the pH range of the solution to the range 2.6-11.3, however basic pH 8.5 was found to favor the formation of spherical shapes and achieve well dispersed Ni NPs as shown in TEM micrographs. Freshly prepared Ni NPs covered mean nanoscale dimensions of 5.06 nm for bigger nanospheres and 1.68 nm of smaller NPs, determined from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and TEM data. Microscopy studies reveal that bigger Ni NPs consist of small individual nano-composites with fine crystal structures. The nanoparticles thus prepared were exploited to check their catalytic activity. Congo red (CR) dye was used as a model reagent to monitor catalytic degradation. Experiments highlighted no or very little reduction of dye in the absence of Ni NPs. Conversely the addition of only 0.2 mg of nano-catalysts (Ni NPs) produced 100% conversion/degradation efficiency within a fraction of a minute; the present study also showed recovery and reuse of the same catalysts which performed with no loss of activity even after several cycles of reuse.