Pakistan is facing perpetual and worsening energy crisis. For vision 2025 as announced by Government of Pakistan in 2015, the most important litmus test is to overcome energy crisis with imaginative and innovative choices of energy alternatives. The complexity of selecting the best energy alternative is more pronounced in case of Pakistan as many socio-economic and environmental factors influence the choice. Our country is blessed with both renewable and nonrenewable energy alternatives and we have to select feasible alternatives for implementation to reduce exiting increasing gap between energy supply and demand. Economic analysis of alternatives using cost benefit analysis (CBA), though gives better monetary picture but, does not cover the whole spectrum of social, environmental, political and ethical aspects which are pertinent for selection of suitable energy alternatives in case of multidimensional society of Pakistan. Therefore, this research was aimed to develop a versatile and comprehensive framework for the socio-economic 133 analysis of renewable and non-renewable energy alternatives based on factors matrix comprising socio-economic and environmental factors. Within the factors matrix approach, three methods were used for analysis of energy alternatives; the statistical analysis of factors matrix to obtain trend and ratings, digital analysis of the data by computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) to get the digitally iterated and attenuated models along with representative economathical equations and economathical analysis of equations by Newton-Leibniz integration process to obtain numerical value of the ratings. Based on the results obtained, a trend spectrograph has been prepared for the entire country south to north. The results obtained from factors matrix approach were compared with those obtained from the three constituent methods of cost benefit approach which indicated that use of both approaches in conjuncture is a necessity in Pakistan to cover multidimensional aspects in case of economic analysis of energy alternatives. At the end, policy recommendations have been given in the context of vision 2025. Overall, thesis is a unique combination of theoretical, digital and mathematical economics. Key words: Socio-economic, analysis, energy, alternatives, factors, matrix, digital, economathical, spectrograph. JEL Classification: O22, O55, Q42, Q48.
محنت میں عظمت محنت میں عظمت سے مراد یہ ہے کہ کام کر کے ،دست و باز وکو با مقصد متحرک کر کے، قلوب و اذہان کو طمانیت بخشتے ہوئے حصولِ عظمت کی خاطر جہد مسلسل کرنا، گورا ہو، کالا ہو، پست ہو، طویل القامت ہو، دُبلا پتلا ہو یا لحیم شحیم ہو، یہودی ہو، نصرانی ہو یا ٓتش پرست، الغرض جس مسلک یامشرب سے منسلک ہواس بات کا وہ ضرور معترف ہے کہ اگر کوئی عظمت، آن اور تفوق کے سہرے کو اپنے سر پر سجانا چاہتا ہے تو وہ صرف اور صرف محنت سے ہی ایسا کر سکتا ہے۔ فرمانِ باری تعالیٰ ہے ’’انسان کے لیے وہی کچھ ہے جس کے لئے وہ کوشش اور محنت کرتا ہے‘‘بنی نوع انسان کی تاریخ کے اوراق کا اگر مطالعہ اورمشاہدہ کریں تو یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ جن سلف صالحین اور نابغۂ روز گار ہستیوں نے نام پیدا کیا وہ شب و روز محنت و مشقت کی چکی میں پستی رہیں۔ اقبال نام کے ہزاروں ہوں گے لیکن علامہ اقبال رحمۃاللہ علیہ ایک ہی ہے۔ اسی طرح غزالی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ ، رازی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نفیسی رحمۃاللہ علیہ جیسے زعماء جو آسمان علم و دانش پر آفتاب و ماہتاب بن کر چمکے یہ سب ان کی محنت لگن ، کاوش اور انتھک جد و جہد کا نتیجہ تھا۔ محنت شاقہ اور جذبہ صادق ہوتو کہساروں سے بھی جوئے شیر نکالی جاسکتی ہے۔ نامی کوئی بغیر مشقت نہیں ہوا سو بار جب عقیق کٹا تب نگیں ہوا حضور اکرم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی حدیث پاک ہے کہ’’ حلال روزی کمانے والا ( محنت کر نیوالا ) اللہ تعالیٰ کا دوست ہوتا ہے۔‘‘ نماز پنجگانہ ایک اہم عبادت ہے، ز کوٰ ۃ ارکان اسلام سے ایک اہم رکن ہے، حج ایک اہم عبادت...
The present paper explores and introduces a manuscript on i‘jaz al-Qur’ān (inimitability of the Qur’ān) named Nūr al- Īqān bi i‘jaz al-Qur’ān written by a profound South Asian Sindhi Scholar, Maulana Muhammad Ismā‘īl al-Ūdvī. The field of i‘jaz al-Qur’ān has been and is the field of interest of many Muslim as well as non-Muslim theologians and scholars. Many Muslim scholars of the Middle East and the West have written books and research papers from third/ninth Century up to present times. The main and significant reason for this is that the doctrine of i‘jaz al- Qur’ān proves the prophecy of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. This paper argues that Shaikh al-Ūdvī is the first South Asian Sindhi Muslim Scholar, who wrote a separate treatise in Arabic on the doctrine of i‘jaz al-Qur’ān, which is not introduced properly in academic circles of the day. In this treatise, al-Ūdvī has advanced some new and original arguments to support the doctrine and the prophecy of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him.
In this study, seventy five genotypes were screened out for seedling parameters under water stress and selected on the basis of seedling survivability keeping in view survival after desiccation and evaluated for seedling growth response under water stress. The selected six water stress tolerant genotypes (Kohistan-97, Shafaq-2006, Sehar-2006, Inqlab-91, Chakwal-86 and Fsd-2008) and threewater susceptiblegenotypes (V08172, Punjab-81 and MH-97) were crossed using line x tester mating design. The hybrids along with their parents were sown in normal irrigation and water stress environment using a randomized complete block design. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of water stress on genetic diversity of parental lines as well as F1 generation of wheat genotypes. Plants for each treatment were randomly selected and data on yield and yield contributing traits was collected. Estimates of General combining ability (GCA) effects indicated that under water stress, the line Kohistan-97 and tester MH-97 exhibited the significant GCA effects for most of the traits under study. Estimates of Specific combining ability (SCA) effects showed that in normal conditions, cross combination Kohistan-97 × V08172 exhibited maximum significant SCA effects for days to heading, plant length, biological yield and stem reserve mobilization. Whereas, for number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, leaf area and economic yield per planthybrids Chakwal-86× Punjab 81 exhibited maximum SCA effects, respectively. In water stress condition, maximum SCA effects were observed, for days to heading, 1000-grain weight, plant length, biological yield and stem reserve mobilization. For number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, leaf area and economic yield per plant highest SCA effects were found in hybrids Kohistan-97 × V08172, Chakwal-86 × Punjab-81, Fsd-2008 × Punjab-81, Sehar-2006 × V08172 and Chakwal-86 × V08172, respectively. Intensity of aphid attack on wheat genotypes at different stages of growth under normal irrigation and water stress environment was also studied.The highest number of aphids per tiller (1.00 ± 0.01) was recorded on Shafaq-2006 cultivar, whereas the lowest one (0.10 ± 0.01) was recorded on Sehar-2006x Punjab-81, Kohistan-97x MH-97, Fsd 2008x Punjab-81 crosses Genetic analysis and combining ability of traits would be undertaken under normal irrigation and water stress environments. Collectively, results suggested that selection by combining seedling survivability, root-shoot parameters and growth response in lab as well as in field can be efficiently used for rapid evaluation of water stress tolerance in wheat breeding.