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Economics of Organic Production Systems and Policy Options in South Asia

Thesis Info

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Author

Yasin, Muhammad Asim

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2159/1/2731S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724645793

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Agriculture is predominately the main sector of South Asia which employs about 60% of the labor force and contributes 22% of the regional GDP. Most of the farmers are small who are facing the high cost of production incurred mainly on pesticides and fertilizers. Moreover, the transition from traditional agriculture to Green Revolution agriculture, led to mono-cropping patterns, loss of on farm biodiversity and dependence on capital. On the other side, organic agriculture was a possible option for the farmers in comparison with Green Revolution technologies by depending on their on-farm resources, promoting crop diversity and using environment friendly techniques. The present study was designed to assess the profitability of Organic production systems in comparison with Conventional systems. The study was conducted in three South Asian countries including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the sample farms to collect the primary data from both organic and conventional farms. The profit function approach which combines the concepts of technical and allocative efficiency was utilized to assess the profit efficiency of organic and conventional farms. The focus of the study was to estimate the profit efficiency of organic and conventional farmers along with factors affecting the profit efficiency. Cobb Douglas functional form of stochastic profit frontier function was used to determine the profit efficiency. Rice and wheat crops being both cash and staple food crops of the region were selected for the comparative analysis. The results of the study show that the average profit efficiency of Pakistani organic wheat (0.915) was relatively higher than the conventional farmers (0.911) to conclude that organic wheat farmers are more profit efficient than conventional farmers. The average profit efficiency of organic rice farmers (0.89) was less than conventional rice farmers (0.910) in Pakistan but still comparable. The average profit efficiency of organic and conventional wheat farmers in Nepal was found to be approximately equal with efficiency scores 0.860 and 0.855 respectively while average profit efficiency (0.874) of organic rice farmers is slightly better than the average profit efficiency of conventional rice farmers (0.857). The organic wheat farmers in Bangladesh were more profit efficient with efficiency score of 0.902 as compared to conventional wheat farmers with efficiency score o.733. Profit efficiency of organic rice farmers with efficiency score 0.748, was better than conventional rice farmers (0.657). The results show that variable costs impact differently in both organic and conventional farming but their overall impact is found to lower the profit. Capital and soil fertility were observed to play an important role in increasing profit. The pest breakout significantly affects the profit negatively in all selected countries and requires timely application of plant protection measures. The study also attempted to ascertain the factors affecting the profit efficiency in wheat and rice farming under organic and conventional conditions. The estimated coefficient of education is significant in all categories with negative sign indicating that education is contributing to reduce the profit inefficiency in both organic and conventional farming in the selected countries. The coefficient of experience is significant in organic and conventional wheat farming and conventional rice farming. The coefficient of experience is non-significant in organic rice farming. The negative sign in all categories indicates that experience of the farmers contributes to reduce the profit inefficiency. Experience of the farmers in wheat and rice farming, linkages with extension services and access to credit were also the important variables to affect the inefficiency negatively. Off-farm employment was found to have positive impact on efficiency especially in case of Bangladesh. KEY WORDS: Organic Agriculture; Profit efficiency; Stochastic frontier profit function; Rice and wheat crops; South Asia
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مسٹر اے کیمرن

اے کیمرن
پچھلے دنوں بنگال چیمبرس آف کومرس کے صدر مسٹراے ۔کیمرن کلکتہ کے قریب ایک مقام پراپنے مسلمان ملازم کی جان بچاتے ہوئے اُس کے ساتھ بڑی بے دردی سے ماردیے گئے۔ اگرچہ مشرقی اور مغربی بنگال میں جو کچھ ہوا ہے اس کے پیش نظریہ واقعہ نہ کچھ زیادہ حیرت انگیز ہے اور نہ مقابلۃً کچھ زیادہ افسوسناک، لیکن اگرہم میں انسانیت کی حس بالکل ہی مر نہیں گئی ہے تو اس واقعہ کا ایک پہلو ہمارے لیے کس قدر عبرت انگیز وسبق آموز ہے۔
مسٹر کیمرن کون تھے؟ کس ملک کے رہنے والے تھے ؟ اور جس شخص کی جان بچانے میں انھوں نے خودجان دے دی اس سے ان کا کیارشتہ تھا؟ظاہر ہے وہ یورپین تھے ہندوستان کے شہری نہیں بلکہ اجنبی ۔اُس قوم سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جس سے ہندوستانیوں نے ایک عرصہ کی جدوجہد کے بعد آزادی حاصل کی ہے اور جس کوانھوں نے سعی آزادی کے دور میں ہر تقریر اورہر تحریر میں کیا کچھ بُرا بھلا نہیں کہا۔پھراُس ملک کے رہنے والے تھے جو ہمارے نزدیک خداناشناسی، مادہ پرستی، فحاشی اورعیاشی کامرکز ہے۔رہا اس شخص سے تعلق ! تو معلوم ہے کہ سوائے انسانیت کے ان کے اوران کے نوکر کے درمیان کوئی اور مجانست نہیں تھی۔یہ انتہائی امیر اوروہ انتہائی غریب، یہ گورا وہ کالا، یہ مغربی وہ مشرقی، ان کی زبان اوراس کی بولی اور، یہ یہاں کے اجنبی وہ یہاں کاشہری، یہ عیسائی وہ مسلمان، لیکن ان سب اختلافات کے باوجود انسانیت کااحترام اس شخص کے دل میں اس درجہ ہے کہ وہ ایک حقیر اورادنیٰ سی جان کوبچانے کے لیے اپنی زندگی بے دریغ قربان کردیتا ہے۔ظاہر ہے اگر وہ دخل نہ دیتے تواپنی جان بچاسکتے تھے۔
اس کے مقابلہ میں دیکھیے ہم مشرقی بنگال ومغربی بنگال کے ہندومسلمان ہیں جوایک ہی ملک...

صارفین کے حقوق: معاصر پاکستانی قوانین اور سیرت نبوی ﷺ کا تقابلی مطالعہ

In order to protect consumer rights, the government has made regular legislation on national and provincial level. In which the rights of the consumers are clearly explained. These rules are contemporary and comprehensive, those who are more likely to ensure the protection of consumer rights. With the help of these laws, different issues and conflicts of consumers can be resolved. The Sharia, the rights reserved for the users/consumers are also of a wide variety. In this article first the contemporary laws of Pakistan about the consumers protections has been explained and then in the lights of Saying of Muhammad (PBUH) the rights of users and consumers have been mentioned in details, in the last the comparison of the both laws is presented.

Genetic Diversity and Inheritance Studies of Yield and Quality Traits in Pisum Sativam L.

Among pulses, pea is an important legume crop which is not only the major source of proteins but also provide significant amount of carbohydrates, minerals and vitamin B complex. The current research work was planned to study genetic diversity among available pea germplasm and to evaluate inheritance pattern controlling seed yield related traits in Pisum sativum L. For this purpose 99 pea genotypes were field evaluated following RCBD replicated thrice. Data were taken for seed yield and its related traits. All the studied parameters showed significant amount of variation among genotypes. The cluster analysis classified 99 pea accessions into three clusters on the basis of genetic diversity of seed yield and its related traits. Eight accessions namely 19605, 20202, 26710, 20300, 19716, 20126, 26701 and 20153 were selected from cluster I and III for hybridization. Selected genotypes were crossed in 8×8 half diallel fashion excluding reciprocals to study the inheritance patterns for yield and quality traits. Twenty eight F1 crosses and parents were field evaluated during winter season 2015-2016 while F2 of all crosses was evaluated during winter season 2016-2017. Analysis of variance displayed significant amount of variation for all the studied parameters in both generations. The accession 20126 was good general combiner for number of branches per plant, biological yield, carotenoids contents and seed yield per plant in F1 generation while the accession 20153 was good general combiner for pod length, hundred fresh seed weight, hundred dry seed weight, harvest index and seed yield per plant in F2 generation. The cross combination 20202 × 26710 was good combination for pod length, pod width and seed yield per plant in F1 generation while the cross combination 19605 × 20202 was found best combination for seed yield per plant in F2 generation due to maximum significant and positive specific combining ability effects for seed yield per plant. The cross combination 20202 × 26710 showed maximum mid parent as well as better parent heterotic effects for pod length and seed yield per plant in F1 generation. The correlation analysis in F2 generation showed that number of branches per plant, pod length, biological yield and harvest index was significantly and positively correlated with seed yield per plant in Pisum sativum L. The cross combination 20202 × 26710 may be used as hybrid due to its higher specific combining ability variance and heterotic effects for seed yield per plant. Presence of non additive effects advocated the importance of heterosis breeding for development of high yielding varieties in pea.