نظریہ فوقیت یا نسلی برتری: مذاہب عالم اور اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں ایک جائزہ

Race represents a specific caste, creed and a generation of a common ancestor. It has been a source of identification among different tribes and group of people, since humankind started life on this earth. With the passage of time different races have started using their racial backgrounds as negative sentiments which created superiority and inferiority complexes among people. Concepts of chosen people aroused in different races which created great gap, differences and hate in the society. The current research work is based upon the concept of superiority in Hinduism and Judaism, which will be further reviewed in the light of Islamic teachings.

Morpho-Chemical Characterization of Different Sorghum Genotypes for Nutritional Quality Attributes under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions

An adequate supply of better quality fodder is necessary to keep animal healthy and productive. Fodder crops provide cheaper feed for animals and play an important role in supplying the necessary nutrition to the livestock. Sorghum is a multi-purpose crop and plays a prime role in providing the fodder to the livestock. Most of the work in the past has been focused on increasing the yield of sorghum fodder but little efforts have been made so far on quality aspects. Keeping in view the importance of cyanide problem in deteriorating the quality of sorghum fodder, present study was conducted to evaluate different sorghum genotypes for fodder yield and its nutritional quality attributes under irrigated as well as rainfed condition. The research work comprising of four experiments, was performed on different sorghum genotypes at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. Major objectives of evaluation were to select best sorghum genotypes having higher fodder yield and minimum cyanide content and to find out the gene action governing the control of such traits and genetic variability in sorghum genotypes. Sorghum genotypes were examined for different morphological, biochemical and quality parameters under field as well as laboratory conditions. The performance of two sorghum genotypes viz V-1 and SV-6 was found excellent for total cyanide content, green fodder yield, total sugar content and crude protein under both irrigated as well as rainfed conditions during the two years evaluation. Drought condition resulted in reduction of green fodder yield but cyanide content boosted up under water stress during assessment in two years. Significant G x E interaction was observed during analysis for all the traits under evaluation indicating influence of environment on the performance of sorghum genotypes. Higher phenotypic and genotypic variance estimates than the environmental variance estimates was observed indicating that the variation are genetic in nature and are heritable. Fodder yield and its components showed negative correlation with cyanide content at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Fodder yield, cyanide content and crude protein depicted high heritability and expected genetic advance during study. Partial diallel technique (Circulant Design) given by Kempthorne and Curnow (1964) was utilized to find out the gene action involved in the hereditary transmission of the characters under assessment. The ratio between specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA) variances for all the characters under assessment was greater than unity indicating non additive type of gene action. The parent CVS-13 and SV-6 were found good general combiner for fodder yield and cyanide content respectively. Almost all the characters showed significant better parent heterosis for fodder yield and cyanide content during the study.