This experimental study was conducted to look into the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on English grammar at Elementary Level and students’ attitude towards the Approach. The objectives of the study were: (i) To explore the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on English grammar; (ii) To delve into the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on vocabulary; (iii) To investigate the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on pronunciation; (iv) To look into the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on communication skills − listening, speaking, reading and writing; (v) To examine the effect of the Eclectic Approach of teaching on students’ retention; and (vi) To measure the attitude of the students towards the Eclectic Approach. Fifty six (56) male students studying English in 8th class at Government High School, Mian Banda, Timergara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, were taken as a sample of the study. The study was conducted through Pre-test Post-test Equivalent Group Design. Two groups that is experimental group and control group were formed on the basis of the results of the pre-test by using pair random sampling technique. Each group consisted of twenty eight (28) students. The randomly selected control group was provided routine treatment, while the experimental group was taught through the Eclectic Approach. The experiment lasted for a period of six weeks. Data were collected through teacher-made pre-test, post-test, retention test and attitude scale. The collected data were analyzed through t-test. The results and findings of the data showed that the experimental group showed better results than the control group and the attitude of the experimental group towards the Eclectic Approach was positive. Keeping in view the encouraging results of this study, it is recommended that the Eclectic Approach of teaching should be implemented at all levels of education.
مولانا سید مرتضیٰ حسن افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ میں جناب سیدمرتضیٰ حسن صاحب کم و بیش پچانوے سال کی عمر میں اپنے وطن چاندپور ضلع مرادآباد میں اورجناب نہال سیوہاروی نے کراچی میں وفات پائی۔ مولانا مرحوم اکابر علمائے دیوبند میں سے تھے۔ علاوہ علم و فضل کے بڑے خوش بیان مقرر، کامیاب مناظر اور واعظ تھے۔ تحریکِ خلافت کے زمانہ میں مرحوم کی تقریروں کی جن میں حقیقت وظرافت دونوں کاخوش گوار امتزاج ہوتاتھا ملک بھر میں دھوم تھی۔حضرت مولانا شاہ رفیع الدین صاحبؒ مہتمم اوّل دارالعلوم دیوبند سے نسبتِ روحانی تھی اور اس تقریب سے قطبِ وقت حضرت مفتی اعظم مولانا عزیز الرحمن صاحب سے تعلق ِخاص رکھتے تھے اورقطب ِعالم حضرت مولانا گنگوہیؒ کی مجلس علمی وروحانی کے مخصوص ہم نشینوں میں داخل تھے، اس لیے ذکرومراقبہ کاشغل بھی رکھتے تھے۔ ایک عرصہ تک مدرسۂ امدادیہ مرادآباد کے روح رواں رہے۔۱۹۲۰ء میں پھر دارالعلوم دیوبند کے ناظم تعلیمات ہوکرچلے گئے۔ اب ادھر پندرہ سولہ سال سے عملاً خانہ نشین ہوگئے تھے۔ خود بزرگ تھے اوربزرگوں کی نشانی تھے، سینکڑوں ہزاروں علما جن میں مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی ایسے بلند پایہ عالم بھی شامل ہیں، ان کے فیض تلمذ سے مستفید ہوئے۔حق تعالیٰ انھیں جنت الفردوس میں مقام جلیل عطافرمائے۔آمین ثم آمین۔ [جنوری۱۹۵۲ء]
Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. There is no doubt that cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur'an. There are many types of Tafsir in dealing with Asbab-e-Nazool. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbab-e-Nuzul and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab asbab alNuzul ("Book of occasions of revelation") of Ali ibn Ahmad alWahidi (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by alSuyuti (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of alWahidi's book. In this paper Descriptive Method and Comparative Study are used to analysis Traditions of Revelation and their effects on Tafseer literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Quranic Interptation and describe the different approaches towards Asbab-e-Nazool in Tafseer Literature, and verification and authencity of traditions in the books of Tafsir Bilary.
The aim of this thesis is to study some astrophysical problems in the context of general relativity. Firstly, we investigate the stability of charged anisotropic spheri- cal as well as cylindrical °uid con¯gurations by observing the appearance of crack- ing/overturning within the matter distribution. In case of spherical system, two cases of polytropic relation between density and pressure are taken into account. We employ the perturbations on material variables via polytropic constant as well as polytropic index and construct the corresponding perturbed form of the force distribution func- tion. It is found that the compact object is stable for feasible choice of perturbed polytropic index in the presence of charge. For cylindrically symmetric object, the cracking is explored by applying density perturbations for two models satisfying spe- ci¯c form of Chaplygin equation of state. We conclude that these models experience cracking for larger values of charge. Secondly, we explore exact anisotropic solutions for charged spherical as well as uncharged cylindrical matter distribution through gravitational decoupling approach. In order to ¯nd the solutions, we consider known solution for isotropic °uid and extend it to two types of anisotropic solutions by imposing density as well as pressure constraints. The behavior of physical parameters, energy conditions and stability of the resulting models is also investigated. It is found that only ¯rst solution is physically acceptable as it meets all the energy bounds as well as stability criterion. Finally, we analyze the anisotropic spherical and cylindrical polytropic solutions. For comoving cylindrical system, we formulate the ¯eld equations for three particular forms of gravitational potential and explore exact solutions for di®erent values of the polytropic index. The values of arbitrary constants are determined by taking mass and radius of a well-known compact star (Her X-1). We ¯nd that two of the models are physically reasonable. The spherically symmetric models are constructed for an xii xiii observer moving relative to matter content using two cases of polytropic equation of state under conformally °at condition which aids to ¯nd a speci¯c form of anisotropy parameter. We obtain models numerically and ¯nd that only ¯rst model satis¯es all the energy conditions as well as stability criterion.