محمد سعید (۱۹۵۰ء ۔پ) سعیدؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف رومانوی شاعر فاخر ہریانوی کے بیٹے ہیں۔ (۱۱۲۹) شاعری میں اختر شیرانی اور فاخر ہریانوی کا اسلوب اختیار کیا ہے۔ حسن و عشق اور رومانیت ان کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ محاکات، منظر نگاری ، تمثال کاری اور لفظی تصویر کشی سعید کی شاعری کی اہم خوبیاں ہیں:
اے موجِ ہوا دامن میں لیے خوشبو کہاں سے آئی ہے
کیا زلف دوشیزہ کی پھر رات گئے لہرائی ہے
[اُلفت کے مسافر کی قسمت میں عیش کہاں آرام کہاں
آغاز گو اتنا اچھا ہو انجام شکستہ پائی ہے
_اے شام جدائی تو ہی بتا کیا چاند میرا مل جائے گا
سو بار فلک کے گُنبد سے فریاد میری ٹکرائی ہے
یہ سرو سا قد ، یہ گل سا بدن ،بجلی سی نظر ،غنچہ سا دہن
[تم ہو تو چمن کی رونق ہے تم ہو تو چمن آرائی ہے
â۱۱۳۰)
۱۱۲۶۔رخشہ نسیم ،’’سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری ‘‘،ص:۴۸
۱۱۲۹۔ایضاً،ص:۵۶
۱۱۳۰۔ایضاً،ص:۵۷
The aim of this research is to assess the impact of social capital on civic engagement. The quantitative method was applied to measure impact of independent variables on dependent variable. The survey instrument was applied to collected data from undergraduate student of four general Universities of Pakistan. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was applied to measure impact of bridging, bonding social capital and trust on civic engagement. Results indicate that bonding social capital and trust have strong association with civic engagement, however, association between bridging social capital and civic engagement was found insignificant. The analyses indicate that it is a basic requirement to bring immediately policy reforms in context of youth development and create more opportunities for youth to engage in the social and structural development of society.
Background: Rubella virus when it infects a non-pregnant adult or child usually causes a mild febrile rash illness. However, infection in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy causes miscarriages, stillbirths or foetal anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Factors associated with rubella immunity include age and parity. No studies have been done to isolate the association of parity independent of age.
Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies among nulliparous and multiparous women of the same age-group attending various clinics in Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi,
Design: A cross-sectional study of women attending a tertiary hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Subjects and methods: Eligible participants were multiparous and nulliparous women aged between 30 and 34 years, recruited sequentially. The rubella IgG antibody was tested using a commercial ELISA Kit. Fischer exact test and Chi square was used to compare the two groups. Logistic regression was used to explore the association.
Results: A total of 300 women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. There was no difference in seropositivity between the multiparous (87%) and the nulliparous group (88%), P=0.81. The overall rubella seroprevalence was 87%. Variation in seropositivity was noted from place of birth, ranging from 82% in Coast to 100% in Western province, though the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.81). None of the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors included in the study questionnaire were associated with seronegativity for rubella in the univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Thirteen percent of the participants were seronegative, translating to a significant number of women in childbearing age susceptible to rubella virus and subsequent CRS. Seronegativity did not correlate with the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors. Regular rubella testing and promotion of wider coverage of vaccination recommended, since there seems to be no benefit in targeting one group over the other.