This research entails the efficiency analysis of multiple cropping systems under tunnels in Punjab, Pakistan. At present, due to higher rate of land fragmentation and higher aggregate population in Pakistan, required such agricultural production practices that are conducive to the intensive farming techniques. The gradual change in traditional cropping patterns is required to elude the future deterrence in terms of food insecurity, poverty and low level of living standards. This study covers a number of ways to elaborate on the farms’ efficiency under multiple cropping systems. Firstly, it undertakes the literature review that covers both the symmetric and meta-analysis. The symmetric analysis considers the studies that examined the efficiency and productivity analyses of mono and multiple cropping systems around the world generally and for Pakistan, specifically. The meta-analysis in this study specifically takes into account efficiency and productivity analyses of Pakistan’s farm sector.Pakistan is on its initial stages of adoption of modern multiple cropping systems under tunnel technology. The adoption of multiple cropping systems under tunnel is one of the ways to increase farm production within same space and time. Major objective of the study was to conduct an efficiency and profitability analyses of multiple cropping systems under tunnels. Two multiple cropping systems namely; cotton-melon and capsicum-bitter gourd under tunnels were selected for this purpose. The sole capsicum cropping system was also selected for comparative efficiency and profitability analyses between multiple and sole cropping systems under tunnels.The data were collected from 450 farmers; those who were cultivating cotton-melon, bitter gourd-capsicum and sole capsicum cropping systems’ crops in the combination under tunnels. The sample size for each selected cropping system was 150 farmers. The data were collected through an interview questionnaire from the study area Punjab, Pakistan. The study conducted the efficiency analysis by using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques, for robust efficiency analysis. The gross margin analysis is also used to calculate the profitability of selected multiple and sole cropping systems. The result of technical efficiency analysis of cotton-melon, bitter gourd-capsicum and sole capsicum cropping systems depicts the presences of 15, 21 and 17 percent of technical inefficiency, respectively. The allocative efficiency analysis of cotton-melon, bitter gourdcapsicum and sole capsicum cropping systems reports 25, 40 and 35 percent of allocative inefficiency in these cropping systems, respectively. The average economic inefficiencies of cotton-melon, bitter gourd-capsicum and sole capsicum cropping systems are around 34, 49 and 44 percent, respectively. Technical efficiency calculations indicate that the improvement in performance is possible by using balanced quantities of inputs. It can also be improved by analyzing the agricultural policy in order to adopt and improve the productivity of selected cropping systems under tunnels. The bitter gourd-capsicum cropping system appeared as the most profitable system out of three selected systems under tunnels followed by the sole capsicum cropping system as profitable one.Moreover, it is needed that farmers should not apply the inputs by keeping in view mono cropping system only. Every cropping system and farm land has its own unique input requirements. The timely and balanced application of the inputs can ensure the highest possible yield and lower cost of production. It is also a prerequisite for the farmers of the study area to consult with the agricultural experts, and take more practical decisions regarding the input application to maximize the benefits of multiple cropping systems under tunnels. The result of the study also suggested that the improvement in infrastructure, management practices, and socioeconomic factors add to the high level of farm efficiency in cottonmelon, bitter gourd-capsicum and sole capsicum cropping systems. Effective implementation of agricultural schemes coupled with formal and informal education should be materialized. As the formal education is vital for improving farmers’ ability that reflects in the enhancement of agricultural productivity. This aspect must be considered while formulating agricultural policy for future.Overall, this study encompasses all the possible dimensions of multiple cropping systems under tunnels including production function, cost function and farms’ profitability. Comprehensive analysis through time series and panel data is helpful in providing the broader picture of multiple cropping systems under tunnels in the times to come.
مولانا سید محمد ہاشم ندوی ہمارے لیے تیسرا حادثہ مولانا سید محمد ہاشم ندوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ ندوہ کے لائق فرزند تھے، جس سال راقم ندوہ میں داخل ہوا ہے ، اسی سال وہ فارغ ہوئے تھے اور حضرت سید صاحب کی سفارش سے اسی زمانہ میں دائرۃ المعارف حیدرآباد میں ملازم ہوگئے تھے، جس سے ریٹائر ہونے تک وابستہ رہے، وہ اس کے اہم رکن تھے، بہت سے کتابیں ان کے اہتمام میں شائع ہوئیں، بعض کی انہوں نے تصحیح بھی کی اور بعض پر مقدمے لکھے، انہوں نے ایک مفید علمی خدمت یہ انجام دی کہ دنیا کے مختلف کتب خانوں میں عربی کی جو اہم اور نادر و نایاب کتابیں ہیں ان کی فن وار فہرست ’’تذکرۃ النوادر‘‘ کے نام سے مرتب کی جو دائرۃ المعارف سے شائع ہوگئی ہے، ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حیدرآباد ہی میں متوطن ہوگئے تھے، ان کی صحت عرصہ سے خراب تھی، گذشتہ مہینہ حیدرآباد کے ایک خط سے معلوم ہوا کہ ان کا انتقال ہوگیا، ستر سے کچھ اوپر عمر رہی ہوگی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ اس خادم علم کی اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Embryology is such an academic discipline which was based upon the Qura’nic revelation purely and its details were provided by The Holy Prophet (SAW) whereas the scientists remained totally unaware of its intricate details until twentieth century. It was the time when they discovered various stages of the creation and development of fetus inside the mother’s womb and after examination of all these stages through various scientific instruments they openly admitted that Qura’nic verses about fetal development are absolutely accurate. Their acknowledgement is a strong evidence of the authenticity and veracity of The Holy Qura’n for scientific minded people. Not only this but these embryologists also admitted that the information provided in the Holy Qura’n and the A╒adith of The Holy Prophet (SAW) helped them a great deal in formulating the basic hypotheses of their research. So, these scientific discoveries are clear proofs of the miraculous character of Holy Qura’n. The current article is an effort to elaborate the link of modern embryology with the details given in the sacred literature of Islam.
This study is about exploring student leadership perceptions and practices in a private secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The study focuses on student leaders with the purpose to understand their perceptions of leadership as well as to understand non student leaders, who are deprived leadership opportunities. The study is to validate the findings of the student leaders' perceptions and practices of leadership. The study involves secondary student leaders, who are head boy, head girl, captain and prefects in the school. The study also looks at the principal's and the teachers' perceptions of leadership in order to understand the kind of leadership provided and how it influences student leadership practices in the school. The study also highlights the factors that promote or hinder practices of student leadership. The data was collected through qualitative research methods, including semi structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of school documents, which articulated student leaders' roles and responsibilities. In addition, data was collected from focus group discussion with student leaders and non student leaders. The study found that stakeholders such as student leaders, non student leaders, principal and the teachers perceive leadership to be an individual possession, as something that brings power and possess particular qualities. Their perceptions identify the belief that leadership is the property of an individual, who has power and possesses particular leadership qualities. This belief can greatly influence the prevalent practices of student leadership in the school. The study also found that the practice of student leadership involves organizing and disciplining students in the school. Student leaders were exposed to classroom, as well as co curricular activities in order to develop their leadership skills. However, student leaders do not wield power and do not have voice in decision-making in the school. The study also found the influencing factors, such as school vision, home environment, parent-school partnership, and gender disparities, which can support or hinder practices of student leadership in the school.