اسلام میں عورت کے حق طلاق کی حیثیت ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Of the several factors that justify the greatness of Islamic Culture and survived the test of time, one is the pride of place ascribed to woman in human society. Since the dawn of Islamic civilization, woman has been respected and cored and her rights have been protected and, thus, womanfolk has been made a purposeful existence. However, Islam, being a religion of nature, does not bring woman on the line of equality with man as the Islam is the religion of justice; not that of equality. The Holy Quran has very apparently determined the rights and duties of man and woman and these all are based on natural facts and laws as well. In the contemporary times, progressive as well as west-inspired circles of our society have put numerous objections on the issue of divorce. They opine that by giving man right to divorce, woman has been deprived of equal status; hence this one-sided right has not only disturbed the family life, but put woman at an interior place. This point of view does not testify to the very facts of Islamic practices in connection with the institution of divorce. In order to understand the historical background of the institution of divorce, laws and practices in vogue in two major religions of the world-Judaism and Christianity, are discussed in a brief manner. Besides, various reforms, from time and again, introduced in divorce in west are also touched upon in nutshell. However, major portion of this article focuses on Islamic teachings regarding divorce and its implications. Therefore, this research article attempts to highlight the various aspects of divorce in the light of Islamicteachings in a comprehensive manner so as to remove the doubts of so-called west-oriented circles of our society.

Urban Dynamics in the Perspective of Envirnomental Change: Karachi As a Case Study

Considering the urban growth G = G (P, E) as a function of population growth P and environmental and climatic change E the thesis studies the urban growth of Karachi by studying the variations of P and E for Karachi and their interactions. Though, the scope of E is large we keep restricting to temperature variations only. Karachi is worth studying because of its high population growth rate and evidences of climatic variability. Chapter 1 looks into the trends of urban population growth of Karachi in global, regional and national perspectives by using Reciprocal Logarithmic Model, Polynomial Models and Exponential Growth Rate Model. The population growth rate of Karachi is forecasted for (2011-2020) with the help of annual growth rate model. Chapter 2 studies the district and town wise population-area relationship using Hoover indices and Lorenz curves. It also studies the population density distribution of Towns and slums (Katchi-Abadies) of Karachi. It is found that the town wise pattern is better than the district wise distribution. The population density distribution of 18 towns of Karachi is studied with the help of Flatten Gradient Density Model and Spatial Interaction Models, the probability of change of the population density of the towns is studied with the help of Spatial Interaction Model. Global Flatten Gradient Density Model is developed to determine population densities of KKAs, results are verified by log linear and linear exponential transformation models. Chapter, 3 studies the variations of urban land temperature (ULT) of Karachi and the xiArabian Sea surface temperature (SST) in the vicinity of Karachi using linear as well as non liner models. The probabilistic behavior of the two data sets is also explored. Comparing the variations of ULT of Karachi and less populated city of Hyderabad it is tried to find that whether the rise of temperature of Karachi is a consequence of heavy urbanization. Our ARIMA forecasts for SST predicts the months of May, June, July, August and some days in October for the year 2010 to show extreme temperatures which is confirmed by the actual 2010 records. For the long run our models predict warm summers in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2019. A good correlation exists between urban land and sea surface temperatures. Chapter 4 studies one of the possible consequences of the increase in SST. On the basis of 120 years data of frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea this study investigates the possibility of increase in the frequency of cyclones. Trends for May, June, October, and November are found to be significantly increasing. The Persistency of the data is tested with the help of Hurst exponents. For the above mentioned months the Hurst exponents range between 0.83 and 0.98 indicating a high level of persistency. The chapter ends with a study of possible impacts of the increasing frequency of Arabian Sea cyclones on the coastal towns of Karachi studied. It is found that Bin Qasim town is most vulnerable in view of its long coastal length (11 Km) and Saddar and Clifton towns(509,915) is most vulnerable in view of its large population. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis and mentions the future aspects.