Home > Environmental Concerns of Poultry Manure Applied into Agriculture Fields of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Special Emphasis on Antibiotics and Heavy Metals
Environmental Concerns of Poultry Manure Applied into Agriculture Fields of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Special Emphasis on Antibiotics and Heavy Metals
Heavy metals and antibiotics are growing environmental contaminants leading to public health concern.Poultry manure is enriched with antibiotics and heavy metals that are commonly used as organic fertilizer for agricultural crops. Antibiotics (Suphonamide, lincomycine, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and tylosine) and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, As Ni, Co and Cu) are used as growth promoters and therapeutic agents in poultry feed. Some of these antibiotics and all heavy metals are not biodegradable in the body tissues of chicken, get deposited in meat as parent compounds and ultimately excreted via poultry droppings into the environment.In the first study an attempt have been done to present a better understanding of emerging contaminants in environment and their associated health effects. In this part we investigated the use of antibiotics in poultry sector and their release into the environment which develop antibiotics resistance bacteria (ARB) along with antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs). The development of ARGs and ARB might lead to huge physical and economic losses, as these bacteria cannot be treated with commonly used antibiotics, proving fatal for thousands of people every year in the world. These antibiotics after entering into food chains seriously affect human immune system, growth and metabolism of the body. Therefore, remediating the ARB, ARGs and antibiotics from the agriculture soil by environmental friendly technique is important to protect the future human health risks. Manure composting and biochar application might be the possible ways to reduce the risk and spread of ARGs in environment. In the second study, heavy metals were quantified in poultry manure, soil and food plants of agriculture fields from eleven districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The concentrations of selected metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Ba, Pb) in most of the soils (ranged 0.036-0.3±0.086, 1.05-54.1±17.3, 1.8-35.2±9.1, 0.47-16.9±4.1, 0.056-32.5±9.8, 48.5-200.8±45, 0.26-15.7±4.57 mg kg-1, respectively) and manure (ranged 0.1-0.3±0.06, 6.75-52.4±11.9, 9.18 23.6±4.5, 2.86-16.7±4.4, 15.0-82.6±19.7, 24.7-86.9±20.9, 2.67-11.1±2.4 mg kg-1, respectively) samples were observed below the maximum allowable viii limits set by United States, Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The concentrations of Cu (0.81 to 247 mg kg-1) and Cr (0.18 to 9.81 mg kg-1) in most of the food plants were significantly (Cu-P<0.05) (Cr-P<0.01) higher and crossed their respective permissible limits (Cu-20 mg kg-1 and Cr-0.5 mg kg-1) set by SEPA, China. The mean concentrations of Pb (ranged 0.41-11.4 mg kg1) in all the food plants were significantly (P<0.01) higher and crossed the limit (0.3 mg kg-1) of FAO and WHO (2001). The values of Cd in radish (0.45 mg kg-1), clover (0.31 mg kg-1), lettuce (0.34 mg kg-1) and argula (0.28 mg kg1) were also above the allowable limits (0.2 mg kg-1) of SEPA. Metals like Pb, Cr, Cd, Cr and Cu were shown higher (>1) bioaccumulation values in the selected plants like radish, garlic, barley and wheat.Among selected heavy metals, Co, Ni and Ba were shown lower BCF values and assumed to have no serious health risk.The health risk index (HRI) values were found >1 in barley (for Cu and Cd), wheat and radish (for Cu, Cd and Pb) and pea and onion (for Cd), which were considered, that may cause potential health risks to the local community. Therefore, heavy metal concentrations in poultry manure must be reduced before its application into cultivated fields through safe and environmentally friendly technology such as biochar and composting. The third study determined the health risk of total As (TAs) and its species in selected food plants grown on poultry manure-based agriculture soils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The concentrations of total arsenic (TAs), arsenobetaine (AsB), monomethyarsenate (MMA), dimethylarsenate (DMA), arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) were investigated in soil, poultry manure, food plants and poultry feed. The TAs concentration in soil of the study area ranged from 4.56 to 9.98 mg kg−1, showing the high variability in the selected sites. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) was found highest in Charsadda (9.9 mg kg−1) and lowest in district Swat (4.02 mg kg−1) The mean TAs concentrations in the poultry manure and feed ranged from 0.64 to 1.60 mg kg−1 and 0.06 mg kg−1 to 0.13 mg kg−1, respectively. The mean TAs concentrations in the edible parts of the food plants was in range from0.096 to 1.25 mg kg−1, which were found above the safe permissible limits (0.1 mg kg−1) of FAO/WHO (2011) in 83% offood plants, except in pea (0.096 mg kg−1) and mint (0.093 mg kg−1). The ix maximum concentration was observed for wheat (1.25 mg kg−1), cucumber (0.67 mg kg−1) and mallow (0.63 mg kg−1). Furthermore, human health risk was assessed through health risk index (HRI), hazard quotient (HQ), dialy intake rate (ADI) and life time cancer (LTCR). The ADI of As in the different food plants was ranged from 1.42×10−6 mg kg−1 d−1 to 6.62 ×10−5 mg kg−1 d−1 in the adults and 4.07×10−6 mg kg−1 d−1 to 1.89 ×10−4 mg kg−1 d−1 in the children with highest value for Malva neglecta (leafy plants) and lowest for Allium sativum. The total ADI for children (6.33×10-4 mg kg−1day−1) was higher than the USEPA oral reference dose (3 × 10-4 mg kg−1day−1) posing non cancer risk. The HQ values for TAs were less than 1 for the ingestion of the tested food plants, revealing less non-carcinogenic risk in the area. The results revealed that HI value for children (2.1×10+0) were three times higher than the value for adults (7.87×10−1), posing non cancer health risks (HI>1) in the children. The long term potential cancer risk (LTCR) was found slightly higher for children (1.53 × 10-4) than the permissible limits of USEPA, while minimal cancer risk was observed for adults via consumption of selected food plants.This research highlights a need to reduce the level of As in the poultry feed and further suggests to treat poultry manure before their application to the crop field. A fourth study was carried out on the development of ARG and ARB due to manure application in agriculture field. Three different samples of poultry manure (M), soil amended manure (S+M) and soil without manure (S) were collected for assessment of ARGs in the agriculture field area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Total number of 285 ARGs was observed by means of HT-qPCR (High Throghput quantitative PCR), which targeted most common classes of resistance genes. Poultry manure addition significantly (P<0.05) raised the abundance copies of ARGs in manure based soil and have changed composition of bacterial community. The detected resistance genes in manure amended soil gave resistance to antibiotics such as multidrug, aminoglycoside, MLSB, beta-lactmase, tetracycline, Vancomycine, tansposase and sulphoniamide. Total 130 unique ARGs were developed, 76 ARGs were shared by all three groups, 47 x ARGs were transferred from manure to soil and 49 ARGs were shared by manure and manure-based soil. Gene sequencing of 16S rRNA was carried out for the samples, which concluded that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria, Fermicutes, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were the common phyla of microbial community, having about 87% of total microbes of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Manure has increased Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Fermicutes in the soil. Hence manure has elevated the ARGs and antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) by horizontal gene transfer from manure based soil to indigenous soil microbiota. This study will help us to know the dissemination and fate of ARGs in this ecosystem to efficiently use poultry manure in crop land and highlight antibiotics and ARGs risks managements in the agriculture area of Pakistan.
ڈاکٹر عبدالجلیل فریدی افسوس ہے گذشتہ ماہ ڈاکٹر عبدالجلیل فریدی اکسٹھ برس کی عمر میں ہم سے جُدا ہوگئے۔ مرحوم ایک نہایت بلند مرتبہ اور ماہرِ فن ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے ریاست میں ہرجگہ معروف اور مشہور تھے ، لیکن عملی سیاسیات کے میدان میں گامزن ہوئے ابھی انھیں دس بارہ برس ہی ہوئے تھے،اس کے باوجود وہ اس شان اور کروفرکے ساتھ اپنی ریاست کے آسمان ِ سیاست پر نمودار ہوئے کہ پرانے چراغ جھلملا کے رہ گئے۔ ان کی سیاست اگر چہ اتر پردیش تک محدود رہی،لیکن ان کی غیر معمولی شخصیت کاوقار اوروزن پورے ملک کے مسلمانوں میں ہر جگہ محسوس کیا جاتا تھا۔اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ مرحوم جذبہ اورعمل دونوں کے انسان تھے، نہایت جری،بے باک اورصاف گوتھے۔ان کی سیاست شترگربگی یامنافقت کے عیب سے پاک وصاف تھی۔اورسب سے بڑھ کریہ کہ سیاست کوجلب منفعت کا ذریعہ بنانے کے بجائے انھوں نے چند در چند مالی نقصانات برداشت کیے اور اپنی کمائی کے لاکھوں روپئے اپنے کازپر بے دریغ خرچ کرڈالے۔اخلاق وعادات کے اعتبارسے بھی وہ بڑی خوبیوں کے مالک تھے ۔عقیدہ اورعمل میں پکے اورسچے مسلمان، ہمدرد ومتواضع، خوش اخلاق وخوش طبع تھے، اس بنا پر مخالفین بھی ان کاادب واحترام کرتے تھے۔ عارضۂ صدر میں مبتلاتھے، روس اور یورپ میں اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ علاج کرایا مگرمرض نہ گیا۔ایک مرتبہ بڑی حسرت سے بولے : میں نے ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت میں تین لاکھ مریضوں کے ہاتھ دیکھے ہیں،لیکن آج خود اپنا ہاتھ دیکھتا ہوں توحسرت ہوتی ہے ۔آخر یہی مرض جان لیوا ثابت ہوا اوروہ خدا کو پیارے ہوگئے۔ا للّٰھمَّ اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔ [جون ۱۹۷۴ء]
Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)
Fishes have socio- economics position in all over the world particularly marine fish give a bulk of food for mankind even as fishes of the lakes and rivers are also important source for the food supply. Fish provide a high protein, low-fat diet, which is low in saturated fats. Now a day, due to different disease such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems, hypertension, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, ocular diseases etc., and doctors recommend white meat as compared to red meat. Fish is also recommended for people suffering from malnutrition. Fish production is an important source of income and employment and plays a major role in Pakistan’s economy. Its organ such as liver is an important source of oil and has medicinal value and is used for the treatment of different diseases. Fish also provide fish fertilizer, fishmanure and several other products of commerce. Some fish take pollutants from the environment and water in which they live in and the food they eat .Some of these contaminants provoked in the form of tumourous growth. The word tumour has often been used in a general way to signify any hump or swelling. But commonly the word tumour define as a new growth of cells which deviated from normal surroundings cells in shape, size, structure and organization. The present study deals with neoplastic growth and as well as trematode infection. The intensity of infection was noted for the whole period of investigation from January 2009 to December 2012. During the study 2,373 species of fish were examined, out of which 1,178 were found to be infected by helminths. Mostly the trematodes and neoplastic growth were observed in fish Johnius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1833) called as “Mushka” of Karachi coast. In case of trematodes the maximum prevalence was recorded during the hot (summer) season of the period while the minimum prevalence was observed in cold season. There were such a great variations observed during the period of study especially in case of neoplastic growth which varies in all the months. Statistical analysis was carried out by Descriptive Statistics, Descriptive Measures and Analysis of variance and Duncnan’s Multiple Range Test which revealed that there were significant difference in the monthly results of mean intensity of trematodes and as well as neoplastic growth. Gross pathological study shows that tumour was separated from the surrounding organs and showed no sign of proliferation. No haemorrhages were observed on the tumour or around the organs. Histopathologically the tumour shows hyperplasia, malpighian cells, atrophied cells, high prismatic basal cells, and fibrosis with eosinophilia and inflammatory cells infiltration. It is concluded that presence of trematode infection not only is responsible for various types of histopathological changes on the fish individually but it may also responsible to provoke bio-chemical changes to promote tumourous growth in most of the fishes under study. But some of the fishes under study shows only tumourous growth without any trematode infections which may be due to some pollutants which contaminate the water or the surrounding environment which are responsible for such type of growth in fishes.