In the Native Americans’ worldview, nature holds a special place; for this reason, in our contemporary concerns about environment and its degradation, the Native American literature has been attracting specific critical attention. They not only identify themselves with nature but also have a life sharing bond of interdependence with it. The European colonisation displaced the Native Americans from their homeland. Their natural resources have been mercilessly exploited since then; resulting into fatal diseases and poverty. Hence, environmental degradation continues to marginalise the Native Americans perpetually. Compelled by abject poverty, they have been left with no options but to sell their native land and animals. They have been enduring great pain due to the loss of nature; even have lost their very identity. This research work is the analysis of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead, Ceremony and N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn and The Ancient Child. The novels depict the distinguished features of the Native American’s cultural and spiritual vision rooted in nature. The destructive activities of the European colonisers wreaked havoc in the Native Americans’ life by separating them from their beloved environment. This not only made them impoverished but also destroyed their mental peace. Keeping these issues in view, Silko and Momaday offer a depiction, in their works, of the importance of restoring the Native Americans’ lost identity by challenging the Euro-Americans’ relegation of nature and the Native Americans to a lower stratum to be destroyed and dominated. Finally, the present research reveals that nature is an integral part of the Native Americans’ lives and destruction of it is detrimental to their very existence. The research findings indicate that the selected texts neutralise the Euro-Americans’ misrepresentation of the Native Americans’ intimacy with nature and expose the European devastating activities for colonising purpose under the guise of development and civilisation.
کچھ روز سے میں اِک عجیب سے مخمصے سے دو چار ہوں۔ با ت کرتے کرتے کہیں کھو جا تی ہوں۔ میری حا ضر جوا بی و شگفتہ بیا نی جیسے مفقود ہو کررہ گئی ہے۔ اِک عجیب سی پز مر دگی سی چھائی ہو ئی ہے یوں کچھ کھو گیا ہو جو دھو نڈنے پر بھی مل کر نہ دے رہا ہو۔ اِک بے چینی نے میرے و جود کا احاطہ کر رکھا ہے۔ میں نا قا بلِ بیان اذ یت میں ہوں شکست و ریخت کے عمل سے دو چا ر ہوں۔ در اصل ہُوا یوں کہ ___مگر نہیں یوں آپ سمجھ نہیں پائیں گے پہلے میرا تعا رف ضروری ہے۔ میں ایک پینتیس چا لیس سا لہ نو جوا ن خا تون ہوں۔ پینتیس چا لیس سا لہ اورنو جوا ن۔ میرے اِس متضا د بیا ن پر یقینا ہنس رہے ہوں گے۔ آپ اپنی ہنسی میں حق بجا نب ہیں اور اپنے بیا ن میں مَیں بھی غلط نہیں۔ در اصل آپ نے مجھے دیکھا نہیں اگر دیکھ لیتے تو یقینا میرے بیا ن کی صحت پر ایما ن لے آتے۔ آپ اسے میری خو ش فہمی سمجھئے یا مجھے احساسِ بر تری سے ما ری ہو ئی حُسن کے زعم میں گُم کو ئی مغرور حسینہ مگر سچ یہی ہے کہ میں خود شنا س ہوں۔ میں جا نتی ہوں کہ میں اُن چند خوا تین میں سے ہُوں جن کے حُسن و جوا نی پر وقت جیسے آکر ٹھہر سا جا تا ہے اوراس صو رتِ حا ل سے میں اِ ک طویل مدت سے لطف اندوز ہو رہی ہوں۔ مجھے دیکھ کر لوگ پو چھتے ہیں:" Are you miss or mrs"اور جب...
Horoscopes are considered as one of the important content items in the mass media. Many people perceive and believe that these Zodiac signs have an impact on their lives. That is why they check these signs on different media regularly. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of Sindh University students about horoscope. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 100 students of Sindh University through a close-ended questionnaire. The results concluded that girls are more interested in horoscope than boys. The sources for horoscope prediction were mainly newspapers among the Sindh University students. The students reported that they read horoscope daily to skip the pressure and try to satisfy their minds. This research is limited to the University of Sindh students. In the future, the researchers should conduct a large-scale study with a more significant population to determine the perception of the public about horoscopes.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool for solving complex fluid flow problems in the last few decades. The relation between the flow regime transformation and its corresponding hydrodynamics forces on the staggered cylinders has not been studied at low Reynolds number (Re), both experimentally and numerically. In order to do so, numerical investigations are conducted to study the unsteady flow past square cylinders arranged in staggered configurations. Six distinct staggered geometries are constructed for which simulations are carried out by using two dimensional single relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (SRT-LBM). The combined effect of Re and separation ratio (g*) on the flow physics and hydrodynamics forces is systematically studied. For this study, physical parameters of practical importance are chosen in the range of 20 ≤ Re ≤ 160 and 0 ≤ g* ≤ 7. The SRT-LBM was validated by comparing the unsteady flow around an isolated cylinder and two cylinders with available experimental and numerical data. Results are presented in the form of instantaneous vorticity contour visualization, time-histories of drag and lift forces, power spectra of lift signals and hydrodynamic forces. For all chosen geometries critical spacing ratio and Reynolds number are identified. It is observed that with increase in spacing ratios between the cylinders the critical Reynolds number for the onset of vortex shedding phenomena also increases. Different flow regimes are observed for different staggered geometries. Chaotic flow is one of the common flow regime. The transformation of the flow occurs due to the interaction between primary and secondary frequencies; the latter frequency strongly depends on the spacing ratio between cylinders. The effect of jet flows on the wake structure mechanism (shed vortices) behind the cylinders is studied in detail. The results show that both Re and g* have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic forces. The flow regime maps for varying Re and g* are proposed for all considered problems. All these results, most of which have been obtained for the very first time, are of fundamental significance in engineering applications.