Eminent environmental temperature has adverse affect on dairy cattle production and reproduction. The periparturient period is also very critical for reproductive functions of dairy cows. A variety of methods are used to improve fertility in these stress conditions. The present study was conducted under a series of three experiments to find out stress-reproduction relationship and effect of vitamin E on this interaction. Study-I, was conducted to assess physiological and reproductive changes, in relation to heat stress in different dairy cattle breeds in various seasons. A total of thirty six lactating dairy cows, nine from each breed of local (Sahiwal and Achai), Cross-bred (Sahiwal x HF) and Holstein Friesian were selected. Sampling was conducted when the cows were in the di-estrus phase of the estrus cycle in February (thermoneutral), April (thermotransitional) and June (thermal stress) at an average environmental temperature of 18°C, 32°C and 42°C respectively. A significant decrease in Daily milk yield (DMY) was observed in all breeds with increase in environmental temperature (P < 0.01). DMY also varied significantly (P < 0.001) among breeds. The HF dairy cows showed the highest mean DMY followed by cross-bred, Sahiwal and Achai at all the three seasons. BCS was not affected by environmental temperature; however, BCS varied among breeds significantly (P < 0.01). A significant increase in all the physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate) was observed in all dairy cows with increase in environmental temperature during thermo transitional and summer seasons in April and June respectively. Thermal stress in June increased concentrations of glucose (P= 0.014), cortisol (P < 0.001), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) (P < 0.001) and follicular numbers (P < 0.01), while decreased progesterone concentrations (P < 0.01) in all four breeds as compared to February. DMY and progesterone level are negatively correlated with environmental temperature. Glucose and cortisol levels were positively correlated with each other and negative with Progesterone. Positive correlation was found between glucose, cortisol and HSP-70 with rise in environmental temperature. However progesterone was negatively correlated with these parameters at high environmental temperature. It is concluded that the intensity of changes was higher in HF and cross-bred dairy cows than local Achai and Sahiwal, suggesting that extra managemental and therapeutical support is needed to improve fertility of these breeds in tropical regions. Study-II, was designed to detect the occurrence of oxidative stress in dairy cows by determining the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration during the periparturient period and its possible relationship with dairy cows fertility. Thirty-six periparturient lactating dairy cows, nine from each breed of Sahiwal, Achai, Cross-bred (Sahiwal x HF) and Holstein Frisian were selected. Sampling was conducted on post partum day (P.P.Day) 60, 82 and 105 of the lactation stage during the diestrus period of the estrus cycle. DMY varied significantly with P.P Days and among breed (P < 0.001). Highest DMY was shown by HF followed by cross-bred, Sahiwal and lowest by Achai. The interaction (PP.Days x Breed) effect was also highly significant (P < 0.01) for DMY. Serum glucose concentration significantly increased with increase in PP.Days (P < 0.01). Breed also affected glucose concentration (P < 0.001). A decrease in MDA concentrations were observed with increase in PP.Days (P < 0.001) from P.P day-60 to 82 and 105. Breed also affected the MDA concentrations significantly (P < 0.001), more prominent in HF and cross-bred. Both P.P. Days and breed significantly affected the serum cortisol concentration (P < 0.001). The cortisol concentration significantly decreased from P.P day-60 to 82 and 105. Progesterone level increased in all breeds (P < 0.05) with increase in P.P. Days (P < 0.001) from day-60 to 82, continued up to day-105. BCS was negatively correlated with serum cortisol, glucose and progesterone. Cortisol, DMY and MDA were positively correlated with each other and negative with progesterone and P.P. Days. The study revealed that HF and cross-bred dairy cows were more prone to oxidative stress than local breeds. Correlations analysis indicates that high milk production delayed ovarian activity effecting the reproduction of periparturient cows as assessed by progesterone concentrations. Therefore, it is suggested that higher genetic merit milk breeds should give extra managemental support for their better productivity and fertility. Study-III, was designed to find out the response of different breeds to vitamin E supplementation in combating stress and improving reproductive cyclicity. The experiment was conducted on thirty six lactating dairy cows, nine from each breed of Sahiwal, Achai, Cross-bred (Sahiwal x HF) and Holstein Frisian. Vitamin E was supplemented to all dairy cows in feed at a dose rate of 1000 IU/ cow/ day. Sampling was conducted on day-zero (control) before Vitamin E supplementation, day-20 and day-40 of Vitamin E supplementation during the diestrus phase of the estrus cycle. Daily milk yield and BCS varied significantly among breeds (P < 0.001) with no significant effect of vitamin E. Serum glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) with vitamin E supplementation, but did not varied among breeds significantly. There was significant increase in SOD and GPx with vitamin E supplementation (P < 0.001). Breeds also varied in super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione per oxidase (GPx) activities (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively) with more increase in GPx in local dairy breeds. Stress markers, plasma MDA and HSP-70 and serum cortisol concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementation with significant variations among breeds (P < 0.001). Progesterone concentration increased significantly (P < 0.001) in all breeds with vitamin E. Breed effect on progesterone concentrations was also found significant (P < 0.05). Local breeds showed higher progesterone concentration while overall increase was found higher in Cross-bred dairy cows (39.95%). Number of dominant follicles decreased significantly with vitamin E supplementation (P < 0.01) in all the dairy breeds, highest in cross-bred dairy breeds. Breed also showed significant effect on number of follicles (P < 0.05). DMY showed positive correlation with MDA and negative with SOD, GPx and progesterone. The stress markers (cortisol, HSP-70 and MDA) were positively correlated with each other and glucose concentration while negative with antioxidant markers. Antioxidant markers were positively correlated with progesterone. It can be concluded that improved milk breeds showed more prominent response to vitamin E supplementation than local breeds suggesting regular feeding of antioxidant to these breeds for better performance.
منشی محمد اویس صاحب وارثی ناظرین معارف کو نہایت رنج و انددہ کے ساتھ یہ اطلاع دی جاتی ہے کہ ہمارے ایک دیرینہ رفیق کار اور دارا لمصنفین کے پرانے اور اہم کارکن منشی محمد اویس صاحب وارثی بتیس سال کی رفاقت کے بعد ہم سے جدا ہوگئے، مرحوم نے ۱۸؍ ذی الحجہ کو ایک مختصر علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، وہ دارالمصنفین کے قیام کے آغاز سے اس سے وابستہ تھے، اور آخر دم تک بڑی جانفشانی، اخلاص، خیرخواہی اور دیانتداری کے ساتھ اپنے فرائض انجام دیتے رہے، اور ہمیشہ اس کو اپنا ذاتی کام سمجھ کر انجام دیا، مکتبہ دارالمصنفین کی ترقی میں ان کی محنت کو بڑا دخل تھا، اس کے تجارتی کاروبار میں ان کی ذات بڑا سہارا تھی، اور دفتری کاموں کا دارومدار انہی پر تھا، اب ان کا جانشین ملنا مشکل ہے، ان خوبیوں کے ساتھ مرحوم شرافت اور وضعداری کا نمونہ تھے، نہایت خوش خلق، شریف الطبع، حق گو، حق پرست، مرنجاں مرنج، اعزہ کے مددگار، احباب کے ہمدرد و غم گسار، ان کا برتاؤ ایسا تھا، کہ ہر شخص ان کو اپنا سمجھتا تھا، سب کے دل میں ان کی یکساں عزت و وقعت تھی، بتیس سالہ زندگی میں کسی کو ان سے کوئی شکایت پیدا نہیں ہوئی، وہ دنیاوی معیار سے کوئی اونچی شخصیت کے مالک نہ تھے، نہ صاحب جاہ و ثروت تھے، نہ کوئی علمی حیثیت رکھتے تھے، لیکن اگر بڑائی نام ہے اخلاق و شرافت اور سیرت و کردار کی بلندی کا تو مرحوم بہت بڑے آدمی تھے، اللھم اغفرہ مغفرۃ واسعۃ ۔ناظرین معارف سے بھی مرحوم کے لیے دعائے مغفرت کی درخواست ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۴۶ء)
This study aims to determine: 1) The effect of employee work motivation on the quality of academic administration services in FTIK IAIN Palu. 2) The effect of employee job satisfaction on the quality of academic administrative services in FTIK IAIN Palu, 3). Effect of Motivation and Job Satisfaction of employees on the Quality of Academic Administrative Services in FTIK IAIN Palu. This research uses a quantitative approach with questionnaire data collection techniques, questionnaires, interviews, observation, and documentation. While the data analysis technique used is the classic assumption test using normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests. Research Results Show There is a significant influence on the work motivation of administrative employees on the quality of Academic Administration Services by 17.4%. There is a significant effect of Employee Job Satisfaction on Academic Administration Service Quality of 51%, and There is a significant effect of motivation and level of employee job satisfaction the quality of academic administration services is 80.3%. Keywords: motivation, satisfaction, administrative services
Wheat is the staple diet for the people of Pakistan and covered larger than any other cereal crop area in Pakistan. Among biotic stresses, stripe rust is the most important disease and appears every year in the country. To study the virulence spectrum of yellow rust under field conditions in Pakistan a trap nursery was planted at eight locations, which were considered the hot spots for yellow rust development in Pakistan Two years data revealed that the virulence for stripe rust resistant genes Yr1, Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr18, Yr29 and Yr32 were common alone or in combinations while the genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and YrSp were found effective. Deployments of stripe rust resistant wheat varieties are considered as reliable and environmental friendly method to minimize yield losses. To identify the resistant genes by conventional way through diversified races take a considerable time and have to maintain every year which could be avoided through the use of DNA markers. One hundred and twenty five wheat varieties/lines were screened under glass house and field condition. Dominant stripe rust race 574232 was used to screen the material and there were only two lines which had high infection type. Twelve microsatellite markers associated with stripe resistance genes were used to identify the genes present but 10 markers were produced good results. Different primers revealed variable frequency of different resistance genes. Stripe rust resistant gene Yr5 was present in 36.8% of lines shown by marker S19M97 and in 62.4% shown by markers S23M41. The marker iag95 was used to identify the yellow rust resistant gene Yr9 and was amplified in 27.2% wheat lines. Yellow rust resistant gene Yr10 was present in 87.2% lines revealed by marker psp3000. Yr17 was found in 34.4% lines as revealed by marker Venturip-LN2 and Yr18 was present in 24.8% lines as shown by marker CslV34 and in 11.2% lines as shown by cssfr5. Two microsatellite markers were utilized to identify the yellow rust resistant gene Yr26 which showed its presence in 98.4% lines by wmc419 and 82.4% lines by xgwm11. Yr29 was present in 91.2% shown through the use of marker wmc367. Considering the short time period for effectiveness of major resistance genes, QTLs were attempted to be identified in the F2 population developed by crossing Seher-06 and local white and population of 210 lines were maintained and screened under field conditions. Four hundred and fifty two SSR markers were applied to screen the parents and 183 SSR polymorphic markers were genotyped in population. A linkage map was constructed by applying polymorphic markers covering all chromosomes. A LOD value of 3 was declared as threshold to identify the QTLs. Fourteen QTLs of were mapped on chromosome 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 4D, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B and 7D by different linked and flanking markers. Two QTLs were mapped on chromosome 3B and 3D each. The QTL mapped on chromosome 1A, 1B, 3B and 7D were strongly reducing the disease severity (AUDPC) and have high additive effect. The QTL identified on chromosome 7D could be considered novel as previously no QTL was mapped on long arm of this chromosome. A high LOD values in the range of 5.32 to 14.56 were observed in the population analysis. A second population of 204 RILs (AC Cutler x AC Barrie) was obtained from the University of Alberta Canada to identify the QTLs. Population was screened at different locations of Pakistan under natural and inoculated conditions during four years. There was a wide range of climatic variation among the locations and years. A QTL common on chromosome 1B was found in 105-108 cM region across all the years and locations and was considered the most persistent and provided the high level of resistance across the environments. The marker linked with this QTL was DArT marker Wpt-1770 and flanking marker was Wpt667092. Two QTLs were mapped on chromosome 1D and 2D from Nowshera. Two QTLs were mapped on chromosome 4A from Sialkot and Faisalabad at 94.5 and 96.5cM positions considered as the same. Three others QTLs were mapped on chromosome 5B from Attock and Faisalabad. Four QTLs of minor effects were mapped on chromosome 6A with different intervals at both long and short arm of chromosome. Two QTLs were mapped from Islamabad experiment at 4cM and 13cM positions. A single QTL was mapped on chromosome 7A at 17cM position linked with DArT marker Wpt8473. The stripe rust resistance genes and QTLs identified in our studies will provide the information to the breeders of Pakistan and the utilization of this data enhanced the wheat production by utilizing this data of major and minor genes.