The Indus River travels on extensive Indus plain and divided in to several major and minor creeks. It is called as ‘Indus Delta’. During several decades, it has been observed that the flow of Indus water has decreased in lower Indus plain particularly Indus delta, due to this sea water entering creeks of Indus delta resulting land-use / land cover have drastic changes and consequently causing the socio-economic crises in the study area. Land use / Land cover changes are valuable parts of the worldwide environmental changes (Dickinson, 1995; Hall et al. 1995; Dewidar, 2004). Due to urban and agricultural developments drastic change in LULC has been observed in the world. Satellite Remote Sensing is one of the most readily available and up-to-date sources for detection, quantification and mapping of LULC patterns and changes. The objective of the study is (i) to identify existing Land use/ Land cover in the study region. (ii) To explore temporal Land-use / land cover (LULC) changes in past 20 years through satellite imageries using Geo-Spatial Technologies (iii) To execute standard Remote Sensing procedures to extract Land-use / Land cover (LULC) classes (iv) To evaluate Land-use / Land cover impacts on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the Indus Delta (v) To analyze the variable character of Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the study area.(vi) To discover relationship in spectral and informal classes.(vii) To analyze the relationship between LST and NDVI with LULC classes. (viii) To monitor the impacts on Socio-economic activity in study region. (ix) To develop the questionnaire and fill with local person field survey. (x) To evaluate change of environmental resources, currently practiced in the field of ecology. The current research study divided into two broad categories with respect to seasons: Pre-monsoon period and Post-monsoon period. Satellite images of Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI / TIRS were used in each period of the study, acquired on 27th April-1992, 8th March-2000, 29th April-2010, and 8th April-2014 in premonsoon period and 28th October-1989, 24th September-2000, 7th November-2010 and 20th December-2014 in post monsoon period. Four techniques: Supervised Classification, Change Detection, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and ix Land Surface Temperature (LST) analysis was performed in the study area. Ten Landuse / land cover were selected namely, dense mangrove, normal mangrove, cultivated land, other vegetation, wet mudflat, dry mudflat, wet barren / vacant land, dry barren / vacant land, turbid water and deep water. The result indicate of the research is that LULC classes were increased except dry barren / vacant land in post monsoon period. Mangrove forest increased gradually with aforesaid period and year. The reason of that different government and private organization like Sindh Forest Department, IUCN, WWF etc. were plantation of mangrove forest in several areas of Keti Bunder, Shah Bunder, Bin Qasim area and other areas of creek in Indus Delta, due to this normal mangrove was increased as compare to dense mangrove. It has been revealed from this study that NDVI and LST values derive from Landsat images of pre-monsoon period and post monsoon period of aforesaid years. It was observed that NDVI value of dense mangrove, normal mangrove, cultivated land and other vegetation were high in pre-monsoon period as compared to post monsoon period, due to floods and rainfall during monsoon period. While in term of area, greenness area was high in post monsoon period. While the LST was high in post monsoon period and temperature was raised continuously due to global warming. As far as LULC are concerned the LST of turbid water and deep water was low and dry barren / vacant land and wet barren / vacant land was high. A linear regression analysis between LST & NDVI for LULC classes excluding turbid water and deep water in the study area. The results show that significant moderate and negative correlation with LST and NDVI. When LST values of LULC like dry barren / vacant land, wet barren / vacant land are increased, then the NDVI value of LULC are decreased. The relationship between LST and NDVI of Post Monsoon period of 20th December-2014 was strong and negative. It has been found through questionnaire and field surveys, it was observed that drastic changes in socio-economic activities of the area, LULC patterns and climatic change with respect time to time. Mostly respondents said agricultural land, mangroves and biodiversity of this region is under serious condition. Last few decades, Red rice cultivated in this region but now is almost non-existent, similarly mangrove species were abundant last few decades, but now only four species survived, due to lack of fresh water x and sea water intrusion. More than 117,823 acres of agricultural land has been affected from sea water intrusion. Huts around creeks were made of wood, chatai and dry straw, because cyclone comes every year, while settlements of agricultural land were made cemented home. Relationship between LULC and climate change was significant correlation, because floods and rainfall occur during monsoon period, due to this houses, livestock and agricultural land damage around the katcha area of Indus River. While during post-monsoon period, those areas were fertile and suitable to agriculture.
آہ! جناب چودہری سبط محمد نقوی ۱۸؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو جناب چودہری سبط محمد نقوی بھی داغ مفارقت دے گئے، وہ ۷۹ برس کے تھے، انتقال سے چند ہفتے پہلے سڑک کے ایک حادثے میں شدید زخمی ہوگئے تھے، علاج کے لیے لکھنو میڈیکل کالج میں داخل ہوئے اور کسی قدر شفایاب ہوئے تو لکھنو میں اپنی رہایش گاہ پر آگئے، ایام عزا شروع ہونے سے پہلے عشرہ مجالس میں شرکت کے لیے اپنے آبائی وطن اکبر پور چلے آئے، ایک رات اچانک طبیعت زیادہ خراب ہوگئی اور دسویں محرم آنے سے پہلے ہی انتقال فرماگئے۔ مرحوم کی تعلیم و تربیت لکھنو میں فرقہ امامیہ کی درس گاہوں میں ہوئی تھی، وہ اس فرقہ کے اکثر معروف و ممتاز خاندانوں سے بہ خوبی واقف تھے، اکثر عماید و مشاہیر علما کے صحبت یافتہ تھے، لکھنو اور اودھ کے اکثر علمی، تعلیمی، دینی، ادبی اور سیاسی حلقوں میں وہ مقبول و متعارف تھے، اہل تسنن سے بھی ان کے تعلقات تھے اور ان کے اصحاب علم کے قدر شناس تھے، مرحوم کی نماز جنازہ دونوں فرقوں کے اماموں نے پڑھائی، مولانا شبلیؒ کے بڑے مداح اور عظمت شناس تھے، مولانا نے موازنہ انیس و دبیر لکھا تو شیعوں اور سنیوں کا بھی ایک طبقہ ان سے بہت برہم ہوا لیکن مرحوم سبط محمد صاحب مولانا کے ہم نوا تھے جس کا برملا اظہار اپنی تحریروں اور ملاقاتوں میں کرتے تھے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی والہانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے اور اس کے معتدل روش کو بہت پسند کرتے تھے، جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم، مولوی حافظ عمیر الصدیق اور راقم سے بہت مخلصانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے، اپنے علمی و تحقیقی کاموں کے سلسلے میں یہاں تشریف بھی لاتے تھے، ۱۹۷۰ء کی دہائی میں غالباً پہلی بار یہاں تشریف لائے تو قریباً ایک ماہ قیام کیا اور جانے کے بعد...
The issue of the source and origin of Sufism in Islam is a complex one. A number of scholars, since the latter half of the nineteenth century have put forward conflicting claims. Earlier Orientalists thought that a Sufism developed from a single source while the latter scholars think a number of different sources should be considered as origin of Sufism. Both groups agree, however, in maintaining that Sufism is an addition to Islam and did not originally belong to Islam. Different opinions have been presented regarding the true source of Sufism, for example, Persian, Indian, Christian, Jewish and Neo-Platonic philosophies. The present paper intends to refute these charges of external influences on Islamic Sufism and attempts to show that the real origin of Islamic Sufism lies nowhere but in the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and lives of the blessed companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
Intellectual disability (ID) is a lifelong condition with tremendous clinical and genetic heterogeneity, affecting 1-3% population worldwide. It is characterized by cognitive impairment as well as adaptive deficits originating before the age of 18 years. Severity of ID along with associated clinical manifestation, determines the need of support in affected individuals. Genetics and environment both equally contribute to its etiology. During last few years, successive large scale studies using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have added many new genes to the existing gene repertoire for ID. Carrying out research studies in the inbred populations will allow the identification of recessive genetic defects. Therefore present project was designed to elucidate the molecular basis of autosomal recessive intellectual disability (ARID) in Pakistani population which shows high consanguinity with estimates more than 50%. So as to achieve the objectives, eighty families with history of intellectual disability were recruited from different cities. Complete medical history, written informed consents and blood samples were collected from the participating individuals. Forty nine families were selected on the basis of pedigree structures and processed further for genetic characterization through linkage analysis, whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. Linkage analysis was carried out to screen thirty seven families for the presence of reported ID loci. Two families PKMR288 and PKMR304 showed homozygous regions linked with known ARID loci MRT10/ MRT20 and MRT1 respectively. Mapping of known X chromosome loci revealed linkages in six ID families PKMR229, PKMR244, PKMR251, PKMR253, PKMR271 and PKMR297. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on twelve selected families. After exome data analysis and variant prioritization, pathogenic variants were identified in seven families. A reported frameshift mutation in ASPM gene was segregating in PKMR62 whereas a novel missense mutation in known THOC6 gene was detected in PKMR427. Potentially novel candidate ARID genes containing missense mutations were found in four families: EHBP1L1 in PKMR198, AREL1 in PKMR258, TM2D3 in PKMR325 and PRKAR2B in PKMR326. There was one family PKMR425 with missense mutation identified in FOXO4, a novel candidate gene for X-linked ID. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm these mutations and subsequently their co-segregation with ID phenotype in respective families. Mutation detection by means of high-throughput exome sequencing proved itself to be a cost-effective and time-saving approach. All the novel candidate genes were found to be implicated in different biological pathways related directly or indirectly to the brain growth and activity through in silico analysis. These findings will expand the existing database for genes involved in ARID, and will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of neurodevelopment leading to advancements in cognitive diagnostics and therapeutics.