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Exogenous Shocks and the Process of Organisational Sensemaking: the Case of Punjab Irrigation Department, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

Lahore University of Management Sciences

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Management Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11457/1/Muhammad%20Azeem%20Ali%20Shah%20management%202018%20lums%20lhr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724700815

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Exogenous shocks have been studied in organization studies literature to investigate specific events that trigger sensemaking in organizations. The focus of majority of this research is how these triggers create discontinuity in the organizational routines and how actors make sense of these events to restore order. However, this narrow focus ignores the impact of multiple intensities of exogenous shocks that trigger sensemaking across different levels in an organization and the key role of enactment in organizational transformation and changes in internal organizational control. To address these theoretical gaps, this dissertation focuses on a large public-sector organization – Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Pakistan – to empirically investigate the impact of multiple exogenous shocks of different magnitudes that triggered a process of sensemaking resulting in the organizational transformation with changes in internal organizational control. More specifically, this dissertation explores research questions related to distributed sensemaking across different hierarchical levels, enactment of sensemaking of various groups of actors, systematic differences in sensemaking across these groups of actors and the power asymmetries within these groups through an interpretive research methodology. The research design consisted of three cases of exogenous shocks that were witnessed by the PID in the last two decades. For the first case, i.e. the 2010 flood, I conducted a pilot study for six months of the flood affected districts in the province of Punjab. It was supplemented by in depth interviews with officials from PID during the main study. The second case consisted of institutional reforms in PID for which I conducted a longitudinal study to understand how reforms have evolved over a period of last twenty years. The last case consisted of inclusion of external stakeholders in the maintenance and repair works in iii PID. I conducted interviews with PID staff and the external stakeholders to understand their role in the organizational transformation. I coded all the data of interviews in MAXQDA to conduct qualitative thematic content analysis. I then analyzed the main themes from the data using multiple theoretical perspectives to develop my findings. My analysis shows the enactment of sensemaking of these exogenous shocks varied across different hierarchical levels in the PID. Actors at different hierarchical levels used the ambiguity and uncertainty of the situations to enhance their sphere of control in the organization. The role of identity and systemic powers by virtue of their designation played a key role in the strategic action they engaged in to enact changes in the organizational routines. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the institutional change/transformation research in the field of organization studies by providing in-depth context-specific analysis of enacted sensemaking in a large public-sector organization. Moreover, this research also adds valuable insights about how power asymmetries in organizations impact the process of institutional maintenance and change.
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Islamic World in the Global Scenario, Challenges and Strategy: A Study From the Seerat Nabawi’s Perspective

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Habitat Preference and Breeding Biology of Grey Francolin Francolinus Pondicerianus in Salt Range, Punjab

Grey francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) belongs to Order Galliformes and Family Phasianidae. It is a medium sized game bird, considered a friend of the farmers as believed to consume insects, their eggs and larvae which are harmful to crops, hence, serving as biological control agent. Populations of grey francolin have declined over the time mainly due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Research studies have not been carried out on Grey francolin in the Salt Range and data on their biological and ecological aspects is lacking. The present study was conducted in two protected areas i.e. Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary (CSWS) and Diljabba Domeli Game Resrve (DDGR) to generate information about preferred habitat, feeding habits, population density, distribution pattern and breeding biology, including breeding season, nest structure, clutch size, incubation period and hatching success in the Salt Range. Four habitat types were selected and compared for habitat analysis study. These included: Habitat I- cultivated crop fields and associated natural vegetation on field boundaries; habitat II- natural forest and associated grassland; habitat III - open land; and habitat IV- wetlands and associated natural vegetation. Through vegetation survey, 38 plants species were recorded from CSWS; among those seven were trees, five shrubs, 15 herbs, nine grasses and two cultivated crops. Thirty four plant species were recorded from DDGR, including six trees, five shrubs, 14 herbs, seven grasses and two cultivated crops. The preferred habitat of Grey francolin found in both study areas (CSWS and DDGR) was Habitat-II that was natural forest habitat with highest IVI values for trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. In addition to this, other variables such as elevation, slope, aspect and water availability were also considered for habitat preference by Grey francolin. In CSWS, Grey francolin showed high preference for the habitat having Ivelve’s value (IV) of 0.26, an elevation of 697 m to 704 m, a slope of 25 º to 55 º, with open aspect (without dense vegetation cover) and where water was available. In DDGR, high preference was shown by Grey francolin for habitat having elevation from 505 m to 523 m with aspect that was not very close and slope of 25 º to 45 º with water availability having Ivelve’s value 0.19. Dominant tree species in all selected habitats were Acacia modesta, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Olea Cuspidata, dominant shrub was Ziziphus jujuba and grasses were Andropogon contortus, Desmostachya bipinata and Cynodon dactylon. Plant species used for roosting by Grey francolin included Acacia modesta, Acacia nilotica and Ziziphus jujuba in CSWS and Dilbergia sissoo, Acacia modesta and Ziziphus jujuba in DDGR. For population estimation of Grey francolin, 40 transects were laid in the both areas and Grey francolin population were recorded both by direct sighting and calls and data was analyzes by DISTANCE Software 6.0. There was significant difference in population densities among different sites both by sighting and calls method. In CSWS, population density by sighting was the highest at Open land habitat (3.23 individual ha-1) while lowest at cultivated habitat (1.58 individual ha-1) and by calls was the highest at (2.87 individual ha-1) from natural forest habitat, while lowest at (1.59 individual ha-1) from cultivated habitat. In DDGR population density by sighting was highest from wetland (2.47 individual ha-1) and lowest at (2.09 individual ha-1) from natural forest habitat, by calls highest from open land habitat (2.45 individual ha-1) and lowest from wetland habitat (1.10 individual ha-1). Breeding season for the Grey francolin in the study area extended from mid March to end of July. All the nests located during the study were found on the ground in natural vegetation consisting of Acacia modesta, Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus jujuba, Dalbergia sissoo, Desmostachia bipinnata and Cynodon dactylon. Shape of nest varied from round to elongate. Outer and inner diameter of grey francolin’s nest in cultivated and natural forest habitat did not differ significantly. However, egg length, width and volume were higher significantly in cultivated habitat versus forest habitat. Color of the egg was dusty white to pink with white spots on it and texture was somewhat rough and smooth, while shape was oval in both habitat types. Out of a total of 68 eggs located in various nests, 53 hatched (74.80%) with a mean hatching rate of 5.3+0.85 eggs per clutch. The fledging success was estimated at 4.6+0.81 per clutch (77%). Data on threats to Grey francolin habitat and population were collected through questionnaire survey from hunters, local people and wildlife staffs. Major threats affecting grey francolin in both CSWS and DDGR were identified as hunting, trade, habitat destruction, predation, livestock pressure, agriculture activities, fuel wood collection, land clearing and stone crushing. Major threat to Grey francolin populations and habitats reported in CSWS included: 38% illegal hunting ;18 % agriculture activities; 18% land clearing; 06% by trade; 06% habitat destruction; 04% predation; 04 % live stock pressure; 04% by fuel wood collection and 02% due to stone crushing. Similarly major threat to Grey francolin reported by respondents in DDGR were: 46% illegal hunting; 18 % agriculture; 16% fuel wood collection; 04% trade; 04% predation; 04 % live stock pressure; 04% land clearing; 02% habitat destruction, and 2% due to stone crushing. This study generated information about the preferred habitat, population density, distribution pattern and breeding aspects of Grey francolin in the study area and identified major threats affecting grey francolin’s population in the study area that provide baseline data for the conservation of Grey francolin, ultimately helping to sustaining the population of this important game bird in the Salt Range. Results of the study suggested that the Grey francolin is successfully breeding in the study area and that is mainly associated with natural vegetation and crop cultivated fields around natural areas, which supports its population in Salt Range.