The current research project aimed at exploring the experiences of HIV positive patients in Pakistan and finding the determinants of their general health. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the research was carried out in two parts: Part I comprised qualitative study. Sample of the study was purposive, homogenous and consisted of eight HIV positive patients. Men and women were given equal representation in the sample. The age range of the participants was between 25 to 35 years. A semi-structured interview guide was prepared to explore the psychosocial, diagnostic, illness and treatment experiences of HIV positive patients. The interviews were audio recorded and later on transcribed verbatim for a detailed in depth analysis. Seven superordinate themes emerged during the rigorous analytic process of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) proposed by (Smith, Flowers, & Larkins, 2009).Part II was quantitative in nature and comprised two studies. Study II was a preliminary study that comprised two phases: Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) was translated into Urdu language and validated in Phase I, as it was intended to assess the perceived stress of the HIV positive patients in study III. Rest of the study scales were available in Urdu, so factor structures of all scales were tested via confirmatory factor analyses (n=300) in Phase II by using AMOS 20.0 and all the measures revealed good fit to the data. Study III was the main study. The aim of the study was to investigate the determinants (viz., perceived stress, emotional intelligence and perceived social support) of general health of HIV Positive patients. Urdu translated versions of Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), Berlin Social Support Scale (Nawaz & Batool, 2013), Emotional Intelligence Scale (Batool & Khalid, 2011), General Health Questionnare (GHQ 28; Goldberg & Williams, 1988), and demographic datasheet were used to collect the data.Data were collected from 361 HIV positive patients, recruited from the cities of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan). Men (n = 291) and women (n = 70), were given representation in the sample. The Age range of the participants was 18 to 67 (M = 36.4, SD = 10.3). Pearson’s product correlation analysis was carried out to assess the magnitude and direction of relationships among all the study variables. Linear regression analyses revealed that emotional intelligence and social support were significant negative predictors and perceived stress was a positive predictor and explained 49 % variance in general health. Moderation analysis was carried out through SPSS 16.0 and results supported gender as a moderator in relationship between social support and general health but gender did not moderate the relationship between perceived stress and general health and between emotional intelligence and general health. Results of mediational analysis via structural equation modelling using AMOS 20.0 showed that perceived stress partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and general health. The MANOVA was carried out on five independent groups (viz., gender, age, family system, education, and monthly income) and four outcome variables (general health, perceived stress, perceived social support and emotional intelligence). The results of MANOVA were not significant. Results of both the studies (i.e. quantitative and qualitative parts) revealed that emotional intelligence and perceived social support were two important protective factors / predictors that determine the general health and also the individual components of general health of HIV positive patients. Both the studies also highlighted the role of emotional intelligence and perceived social support in reducing the perceived stress level of HIV positive patients. Quantitative study validated the results of qualitative study. Conclusions were drawn and the clinical implications were discussed at the end.
اصلاحی کا تعلق اعظم گڑھ کی مشہور برادری پچمیل سے تھا جس میں غالب اکثریت نو مسلم راجپوتوں کی ہے۔[[1]] اصلاحی کا خاندان درمیانے درجے کا زمینددار تھا۔ امین احسن کے والد مرتضیٰ ولد وزیرعلی ایک دین دار نیک سیرت اور معزز آدمی تھے۔ اصلاحی کا آبائی گاؤں بمہور(اعظم گڑھ(یو۔پی) سے چار میل کے فاصلے پر دریائے ٹونس کے کنارے پر واقع تھا۔[[2]]
ولادت
امین احسن کی درست تاریخ پیدائش محفوظ نہیں کیونکہ اس وقت تاریخ پیدائش کے اندراج کی طرف توجہ نہیں ہوتی تھی البتہ اصلاحی کی پیدائش کا سال ۱۹۰۴ء ہے۔[[3]]
ابتدائی تعلیم
اصلاحی نے ابتدائی تعلیم گاؤں کے مکتب سے حاصل کی سرکاری مکتب میں ان کےاستاد بشیر احمد جبکہ دینی مکتب میں فصیح احمد کے شاگرد بنے ۔یہاں سے انہوں نے قرآن مجید اور فارسی کی تعلیم حاصل کی۔
اعلیٰ تعلیم
شبلی نعمانی جب علی گڑھ، دیوبند اور ندوۃ العلماء لکھنو سے ان مقاصد کے حصول کےلیے مایوس ہوئے جو اسلام کی نشاۃ ثانیہ کےلیے ان کے پیش نظر تھے تو پھرایک طرف انہوں نے دارالمصنفین اعظم گڑھ پر توجہ دی تو دوسری طرف مدرستہ الاصلاح سرائے میر کو مرکز تعلیم بنانے کی جدوجہد کی تاکہ ان مقاصد کو حاصل کیا جاسکے جو دینی اور دنیاوی تناظر سے قابل قبول ہوں۔
۱۹۱۴ء کے اوئل میں جب شبلی نعمانی ہر طرف سے کٹ کر اعظم گڑھ میں معتکف ہوگئے تو انہوں نے مدرسہ کی بہتری کی طرف توجہ کی ایک طرف تو انہوں نے حمیدالدین فراہی کو مدرسہ کی سرپرستی کی دعوت دی تو دوسری طرف اپنے ایک لائق شاگرد شبلی متکلم ندوی کو مدرسہ کا مہتمم مقرر کیا۔[
Media in its various forms has become a significant part of everyday social life. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world around us to some extent. At different screens of media, images of men and women are presented in different ways and with different characteristics. Studies have been conducted at large regarding representation of gender in movies and television drama serials. This paper was meant to be an addition to this vast canvas of research through analysis of gender representation in the comedy dramas of Pakistan. According to West and Zimmerman’s theory of ‘doing gender’, gender is performed by the people in their everyday actions and interactions. Keeping in view the concept of doing gender this study analyzed roles of males and females and tried to find out how different characters maintain their gender identities in comedy dramas. Results suggested that the characters were, at many places, observed to be acting contrary to the roles associated to their genders by the society. They did or performed gender to maintain their identities.
In present investigation, extraction, characterization and bio-evaluation of protein isolates from different indigenous legumes i.e. chickpea, lentil, broad and kidney beans were carried out to develop complementary foods. In tested legumes, after inactivation of anti-nutritional factors, protein isolates were prepared through isoelectric precipitation method. The highest protein yield as 80.47±5.71% was estimated in lentil protein isolates (LPI) followed by 73.14±3.44% in chickpea protein isolates (CPI) and 67.58±3.70% in broad bean protein isolates (BPI) while the lowest yield 52.83±3.36% was in kidney bean protein isolates (KPI). Moreover, protein isolates were assessed for their functional properties like bulk density, oil & water absorption, emulsifying & foaming properties etc. Maximum bulk density was revealed in LPI followed by CPI, KPI and BPI. Likewise, higher water absorption capacity was recorded in CPI tracked by LPI and BPI whilst the lowest in KPI. Maximum foaming capacity (FC) was revealed in BPI followed by KPI and LPI, respectively and the minimum in CPI. Electrophorogram through SDS-PAGE showed that legume protein isolates had protein bands in the range of 4 to 70kDa. Amino acid quantification was also performed with reference to requisite profile for the pre-schoolers. Among the essential amino acids, higher lysine content (4.54±0.21g/100g) was found in KPI followed by CPI (3.70±0.09g/100g) and LPI (3.66±0.20g/100g) whilst BPI showed minimum values (3.51±0.21g/100g). Simultaneously, amino acid scores were also determined with values of 39.6, 40.0, 40.0 and 56.0 in CPI, LPI, BPI and KPI, respectively. Bio-evaluation of respective isolates was performed through growth study parameters. Among the resultant protein isolates, the highest values were observed in LPI followed by CPI and BPI while the lowest for KPI regarding protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein (NPR) and relative net protein ratio (RNPR), respectively for the year 2009-10. Similarly, nitrogen balance study parameters showed the highest values for true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) & net protein utilization (NPU) in LPI tracked by CPI and BPI whereas the lowest values for these traits were recorded in KPI. However, BV value was high in KPI as compared to BPI. Similar trend for growth and nitrogen balance studies was observed in the next year 2010- 11. On the basis of overall yield, functional properties and bio-evaluation, two best protein isolates namely LPI and CPI were selected along with control for complementary foods preparation. The prepared formulations based on LPI (C1) and CPI (C2) congregated the FAO criteria for supplementary infant foods. The developed weaning foods were analyzed for chemical composition, energy value, bulk density, reconstitution index, viscosity and amino acid profile. Additionally, gross calorific values were observed as 401.70±20.42, 401.15±20.50 and 410.16±20.90kcal/100g for C1, C2 and control complementary foods, respectively. The essential amino acids were found to be sufficient in lentil and chickpea protein supplemented weaning foods. In addition to amino acid quantification for infant formulations, amino acid scores were also estimated. In complementary foods, maximum calorific value was contributed by fat followed by protein. Formulations in current study are capable of delivering 120.22±6.80, 122.49±6.36 and 123.27±6.09kcal per single meal for C1, C2 and control, respectively. Hedonic response regarding various sensory attributes also showed acceptance towards developed complementary foods. The acceptability appraisal of prepared infant formulations was conducted through short term infant feeding trial with the help of nursing mothers. The acceptability remained as 61.40 to 65.00% at the initiation of study and reached to 80.80 to 83.20% at the end of trial. Correlation studies also showed strong association among various variables and refelect their positive and negative contributions. The upshots of this project indicated that indigenous legumes have potential to yield protein isolates with appreciable functional and nutritional quality for application in array of foods with special reference to complementary foods.