Research shows that besides other factors success and failure of an organization mainly depends on the effectiveness of its leadership. Effective leadership is one of the potential sources of management development, sustained competitive advantage and organizational performance. The importance of leadership is testimony to the fact that organizational leadership has long been the focus of research in western countries including the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, France, New Zealand and America but indigenous studies regarding leadership effectiveness in various developing countries including Pakistan is not very extensive. This is the reason that research regarding organizational leadership has not received enough attention in Pakistan. The current rapid deteriorations in public sector organizations in KP shows that one of the dominant factors is lack of effective leadership in public sector organizations. There are certain cultural, social and political factors that influence the effectiveness of leadership but so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out on the above mentioned situation that could explore barriers inhibiting the effectiveness of leadership in the context of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Therefore, this research study was conducted to explore barriers inhibiting the effectiveness of leadership in public sector organizations in KP. In order to address central research questions of the study, qualitative mode of enquiry was adopted by using interpretivist paradigm. A purposive sampling approach was used to select those public sector organizations that are playing fundamental role in socio economic development of KP such as agriculture, education and health. For data collection, a sample of thirty (n=30) employees was drawn from selected public sector organizations. Semi-structured interview and observation were used as data collection tools. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that there is leadership crisis in public sector organizations. Organizational leaders are deficient with leadership qualities such as relevant knowledge and experience, poor communication skills, inappropriate leadership style, lack of honesty and integrity and lack of leadership focus. Leadership crisis is due to various barriers that have impeded the effectiveness of organizational leadership such as lack of proper training and development, undue political interference, lack of adequate finances, traditional bureaucratic culture, cultural and social obligations, policy issues, corruption and lack of accountability. In order to overcome these barriers, this study gives a number of recommendations ranging from availability of adequate financial resources to the provision of proper training and development to organizational executives, attitudinal changes of bureaucrats and developing culture of accountability. This research contributes to a growing body of knowledge by providing indepth knowledge and information about the barriers creating hurdles for organizational leaders in KP, Pakistan. The findings of the study are helpful for policy makers in enhancing their understanding to specifically focus on those factors that can improve the effectiveness of organizational leadership. This will foster leadership capacity of organizational executives that will further create a more conducive environment for the effectiveness of public sector organizations.
موضوع6:حوالہ جات کا طریق کار حوالوں کی ضرورت و اہمیت: تحقیقی کتابوں اور مقالات میں حوالے بڑی اہمیت کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔حوالوں کے بغیر تحقیقی کام کی تصدیق کرنا مشکل ہو جاتا ہے۔ جس طرح ایک وکیل اپنے دلائل کو تقویت دینے کے لیے قانون کی کتابوں سے حوالے دیتا ہے بالکل اسی طرح ایک محقق اپنے خیالات کو تقویت دینے کے لیے دوسرے ماہرین کی تحریروں کے حوالے دیتا ہے اور ان کا اندراج باقاعدہ طے شدہ اصولوں کے مطابق کرتا ہے۔ حوالوں کی اہمیت کا اندازہ درج ذیل باتوں سے لگایا جا سکتا ہے : • قارئین کو مقالے کی بہتر تفہیم میں مدد دیتے ہیں۔ • محقق کے مطالعے کی وسعت کا پتہ چلتا ہے۔ • قارئین کوتحقیق میں استعمال کیے گئے ماخذ سے آگاہی ہوتی ہے۔ • ماخذات کے ذرائع اور اقتباسات کے مصنفین کی کاوشوں کو خراج تحسین پیش کرنے میں مدد دیتے ہیں۔ حوالے دینے کے مختلف طریقے: حوالہ بالحاظ صفحہ: ہر صفحہ کے متن کے نیچے آخری سطور پر حوالے درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔ایسی صورت میں ہر صفحہ کا حوالہ نمبر 1،2،3سے شروع ہوگا حوالہ بالحاظ باب: باب کے آخر میں حوالہ دینا:ایسی صورت میں حوالہ نمبر مسلسل دینے ہوں گے ،گویاجہاں باب ختم ہوگا وہاں حوالے درج کیے جائیں گے۔ حوالہ بالحاظ مقالہ/کتاب: پورے مقالے یا کتاب کے آخرمیں ابواب کی ترتیب باب نمبر 1،2،3وغیرہ سے حوالے درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔ نوٹ: مشقی کام یا اسائنمنٹ کے لیے حوالہ بالحاظ صفحہ اور مقالہ کیلیے حوالہ بالحاظ باب نمبر کو زیادہ موزوں خیال کیا جاتا ہے۔ حوالے کے اندراج کے اصول: • حوالہ میں صرف طے شدہ ،مختصر تفاصیل درج ہونی چاہییں۔ • پہلی بار حوالہ مکمل صورت میں درج کرنا ہوگا۔ • دوسری بار صرف مصنف،تحریر کا عنوان اور ص نمبر کا اندراج ہوگا۔ • اگر حوالہ مسلسل ہے...
This paper will highlight the significance importance of the Islamic microfinance working in Pakistan as well as across the world. In 2007, the Great economic damage the global economy of the world including United States, European Union as well as Asia, it made the researcher to study about the alternate system in the replacement of Conventional Financial System, after that study and research they recognized that there is no concept of interest in Islamic Financial System, it is totally based on asset-based system, this recognition shift their area of interest from conventional financial system to Islamic financial system. Islamic financialSystem plays a significant role in economic growth of a country through accumulation of deposits and providing the plate form of financing to speed up economic activities. In the last two decades, the traditional microfinance is replaced by the Islamic microfinance in Pakistan as well as in the whole world. This paper will highlight the working methodology of Islamic microfinance models and institutions that how these Islamic microfinance institutions working asan interest free sector in Pakistan and in the world. The paper is also highlighting the difference between conventional micro financing and Islamic micro financing that what are the models and functions that differs the Islamic micro financing from the traditional micro financing.
In child labour, the children involved in it have social, economic and educational disadvantages. ‘Scavenging through children’ is that kind of child labour which is undertaken in filthy and deplorable conditions. In this practice, parents or guardians use their children for economic gains. These children are innocent, vulnerable, and dependent on their elders. They are without any voice or any association for their basic rights. They are generally underfed, underpaid, overworked and exposed to hazardous environment and extreme weather conditions which are constant threats to their life, health and growth. They are also victims of social dislike and hate and are suspected by the people. Consequently they become an excluded community with frustrations and inferiority complex. They do not have opportunities of schooling, playing and recreational activities which are imperative for their proper growth and up-bringing, therefore, they are likely to have a bleak future. As a matter of fact, a sizeable population of children is involved in this profession, particularly in cities. In the profession of scavenging through children, various violations of their rights take place. None of the government departments has taken seriously to redress this practice. A conceptual framework of the Rights of Children is designed from the United Nations’ Charter, Declaration of Human Rights, Covenants of Human Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to assess the violations of rights of the child scavengers. Although Pakistan is a signatory of the CRC and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 182, yet a big number of children are being mistreated, exploited and abused particularly in scavenging profession. An empirical study is undertaken to have an insight of the phenomenon of scavenging through children. For that matter, a sample of 200 child scavengers are selected. They are interviewed to document the various aspects of this practice like causes, conditions, exploitations, treatments, professional health, miseries, etc. However, descriptive research method is used for the problem under study i.e., child scavengers of urban areas of Lahore. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 consists of Introduction of the topic under study, Statement of the Problem, Source, and Research Design. Moreover it delineates Demography of Lahore the target area for the research. Chapter 2 presents Conceptual Framework, Literature Review of the relevant material for the study and Derivation of Hypothesis. Chapter 3 covers concepts, definitions historical backgroundvii and various aspects of child labour. Chapter 4 discusses concepts and evolution of Human Rights and its different theories. It also contains international movements, conventions and laws regarding children’s rights. Chapter 5 consists of the findings of survey of the Case under study i.e., child scavengers. Chapter 6 delineates Community Profile of scavengers and a Situation Assessment of the child scavengers of Lahore. However, Chapter 7 consists of Conclusion some policy implications. In this chapter, a Model is also suggested to tackle the problem of scavenging through children in Lahore. It also presents suggestions and remedies to transform child scavengers into useful and productive individuals. Note: In soft copy a complete list of references appears at the end of the thesis. However, partial lists of references are also visible after each chapter of the thesis.