Researchers from all over the world have taken a keen interest in the development of new composite materials having improved properties at low cost. Although, many of the problems of modern era in the field of material science have been addressed due to extensive research by the material scientists, yet there is still margin of work for interested scientists. In the present study an effort has been made to contribute to the existing knowledge by synthesizing new composites/nanocomposites and their subsequent characterization, employing latest state of the art analytical equipment. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alumina (Al2O3) based composites, having varying amount of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), were synthesized in aqueous medium by employing the acid catalyzed sol-gel method. Aluminum butoxide was used as precursor for preparation of alumina. PVA and multiwalled nanotubes (MWNT), and, PVA and double walled nanotubes (DWNT) based nanocomposites were fabricated with the help of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs were functionalized using nitric acid method. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as surfactant. LiClO4 in different proportions were added at the end fabrication procedure. Final thin film composites were obtained by solvent casting technique. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Tensile Properties, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for the characterization. Thermal Studies showed that PVA-Al2O3/LiClO4 composites were most stable among the three composite series, while PVA-DWNT/LiClO4 were least stable. PAL6 composite was the most stable composite with degradation temperature (TD) of 327.0 ˚C, whereas the least stable was PDL10 with TD of 291.5 ˚C. During mechanical studies, highest and lowest value of Young’s modulus were observed for PDL4 (1654.0 N.mm-2) and PAL10 (7.62 N.mm-2), respectively. Maximum value, 61.0 N.mm-2, for tensile strength was shown by PML10, whereas, minimum value, 8.82 N.mm-2, was observed for PAL2. Highest value, 174.59 mm, for elongation at break was shown by PAL4, while, lowest value, 69.4 mm, was that of PDL10. Overall, addition of lithium perchlorate had enhanced Young’s modulus and tensile strength of PVA-DWNT series and elongation at break of PVA-Al2O3 series. SEM studies on all three nanocomposite series revealed that Al2O3, MWNT, DWNT and lithium chlorate were well dispersed in the polymer matrix and surface of all the resulting polymer nanocomposites were smooth, bearing no holes or roughness. It has been found during XRD studies that addition of LiClO4 had increased crystallinity of PVA-Al2O3 series, while it had negative effect on the PVA-MWNT and PVA-DWNT nanocomposite series. It was concluded that MWNT and DWNT decreased the crystallinity while LiClO4 improved crystallinity of the resulting composite. FTIR test results showed that alumina, MWNT and DWNT has interacted chemically with the PVA. Lithium perchlorate also played its role in the chemistry of the PVA based composites. In the present study, we have successfully prepared thin Films of PVA-Al2O3/LiClO4, PVA-MWNT/LiClO4 and PVA-DWNT/LiClO4 nanocomposites which are thermally stable and with good strength. Best choice of properties, among the three composite series is provided by the PVA-DWNT/LiClO4 nanocomposites. Since water was used as solvent throughout the studies, our synthetic procedure is environment friendly.
حامد نعمانی مرحوم مولانا شبلی نعمانی ؒ کی ایک ہی جسمانی یادگار باقی رہ گئی تھی وہ بھی مٹ گئی، یعنی ان کے اکلوتے صاحبزادہ حامد نعمانی صاحب نے ۶۲؍ برس کی عمر میں ۲؍ ربیع الاول ۱۳۶۱ھ مطابق ۲۰؍ مارچ ۱۹۴۲ء کی شب کو جونپور میں دفعتہ وفات پائی، وہ کئی برس سے مرض قلب میں گرفتار تھے، علاجوں کے سہارے سے چلتے پھرتے تھے، مگر اندر سے کھوکھلے ہوچکے تھے، ۱۹؍ مارچ کو وہ ایک ضرورت سے جونپور گئے تھے، شام کو پہنچے، اپنا کام کیا، رات کو ۳ بجے کے قریب درد دل کا دورہ ہوا،ان کے میزبان دوست ان کے کراہنے کی آواز سن کر ان کے پاس آئے، مرحوم نے کہا کہ مجھے ذرا سہارا دے کر بٹھا دو، انہوں نے اپنے سینے کے سہارے سے بٹھا دیا، اسی کے ساتھ مرحوم نے ان کو السلام علیکم کہا، اور آخری سانس لے کر نامعلوم سفر کی منزل پر روانہ ہوگئے، انا ﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون، ۲۰ کی صبح کو لاش کار سے اعظم گڑھ آئی، اور شبلی منزل میں باپ کے پہلو میں بیٹے کو ہمیشہ کے لیے سلا دیا گیا۔ مرحوم بڑے توانا و تندرست، قوی ہیکل، بلند و بالا، اور علی گڑھ کالج کے مشہور کھلاڑیوں میں تھے، گھوڑے کی سواری اور پولو میں بھی ممتاز تھے، تحصیلداری کے عہدہ پر فائز ہوکر پنشن پائی پھر ریاست منجھولی میں منیجر ہوئے، مگر صحت کی خرابی کے سبب سے مستعفی ہوگئے، پابند صوم و صلوٰۃ، نیک دل اور بہت رحیم المزاج تھے، اپنی ذاتی زندگی میں گو وہ بہت قانع اور منتظم تھے مگر اس طرح سے جو بچتا تھا، اس کو ہمیشہ فیاضی کے ساتھ نیک کاموں میں لگادیا کرتے تھے، ۱۹۲۷ء میں حج بھی کیا تھا ، زکوۃ کا پورا حساب رکھتے تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان پر رحمت...
The Arabic language is the language of the Holy Quran, which has become an immortal language because of the immortality of the Holy Quran as it says: "Surely We have revealed the Reminder and We will most surely be its guardian." It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, especially since the language is the means of communication among the peoples of the world. Communication and technological techniques in learning and teaching the Arabic language taking into account the elements of the educational process (student, teacher and curriculum), according to the requirements of the age, and the development of the mechanisms of teaching the Arabic language with modern technologies that keep up with the times and developments. The aim of the research is to explain the impact of modern means of communication on the teaching of the Arabic language according to several axes: definition of the language, definition of the language in Arabic and the strategy of its publication, the definition of the modern means of communication and their types in the teaching of the Arabic language. The analytical approach will be used in this study. The researcher concluded at the end of this study to prove that the Arabic language faces many challenges in light of the great progress of the modern means of communication and technical progress; and that there are many obstacles in the use of educational technology in the teaching of the Arabic language, which prevents the achievement of the objectives of education. Solutions to this problem are, thus, suggested so as to improve the Arabic language and maintain its position among the languages of the world.
One of the important properties of heterocyclic compounds is their thermal and chemical stability, which makes them significant in synthesis of thermally and chemically stable liquid crystalline compounds. Incorporation of heterocyclic ring in the molecules changes the polarizability, phase transition temperatures and type of mesophase. These heterocyclic liquid crystalline materials have great potential applications like spatial light modulation, optical signal processing, optical information storage, organic thin-film transistors, fast-switching ferroelectric materials and fluorescent probes. In the present work, azole (tetrazole, thiazole, oxadiazole) based liquid crystalline molecules were prepared. The tetrazole derivatives having two benzene rigid cores with various linking units, i.e., single bond, ester, an ester and a double bond, ether and triple bond, were synthesized. The tetrazole moiety was also incorporated in side chain tetrazole liquid crystalline polymers. Furthermore, molecular architecture was designed by incorporating thiazole, oxadiazole moiety and two benzene rings using a single bond as linking unit. In addition, molecular structures with pyridine and oxadiazole rigid cores and ester functionality as linking unit were also synthesized. The long alkyl and alkoxy groups were introduced at the peripheral rigid core units. The structure characterization of all the synthesized compounds was performed employing IR, NMR and CHNS analysis. The liquid crystalline properties of the compounds were evaluated through DSC, POM and XRD analysis. The tetrazole derivatives with ester linking group showed enantiotropic nematic (N), chiral nematic (N*), chiral smectic A (SmA*) and smectic C (SmC) phases. The smectic phase appeared with increased alkoxy chain length. The liquid crystalline range also increased with increasing length of alkyl chain. The tetrazole derivatives with ester and double bond linker also exhibited enantiotropic nematic phase. Moreover, the compounds with triple bond as linking unit manifested monotropic nematic phase with very narrow mesophase range. Furthermore, tetrazole derivatives with ether linking unit and oxadiazole and thiazole derivatives proved non-mesogenic. The tetrazole polymers demonstrated SmA phase. A single nematic mesophase with large transition temperature ranges was observed for oxadiazole and pyridine derivatives. The synthesized tertazole derivatives with perfluorobenzene ring, ether and single bond linking units showed sharp melting temperatures and were non-mesopmorphic