Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Facies Distribution, Depositional Environments, Provenance and Reservoir Characters of Upper Cretaceous Succession Kirthar Fold Belt Pakistan

Facies Distribution, Depositional Environments, Provenance and Reservoir Characters of Upper Cretaceous Succession Kirthar Fold Belt Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Umar, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Balochistan

City

Quetta

Province

Balochistan

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Public Adminisration

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/3629

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724708547

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Excellent exposures of Upper Cretaceous succession (Campanian-Maastrichtian; Mughal Kot and Pab formations) in the north-south trending Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan are studied in detail. The succession is 7 m to 467 m thick in the study area and is comprised of fine to coarse, thin to thick-bedded sandstone with subordinate mudstones and marls. The succession was deposited on west (northwest)-facing passive margin of the Indian Plate. Twelve facies are identified and grouped into nine facies associations, which exhibit that they were formed in two partly coeval depositional systems: the Northern Depositional System and Southern Depositional System. The Northern Depositional System consists of shoreface (upper shelf), shelfal delta lobes (middle shelf) and outer shelf ramp (lower shelf) facies association, formed on a storm and flood dominated, low gradient clastic shelf of Mutti type shelf delta lobes. The Southern Depositional System is characterized by fluviodeltaic deposits in the southeast (proximal) and deep water turbidite sandstones in the northwest, formed in channel-levee and lobes complex within deep slope and basin floor settings. In the Southern system, the Mughal Kot Formation is comprised of basin floor lobes, channel filled sand bodies and base of slope mud rich lobes, whereas, the Pab Formation is comprised of submarine slope fan, channels and levee deposits. The succession was deposited during regression phase as indicated by shallowing upward trend which is evidenced from thickening upward cycles, grain size, bed thickness increase and shallow marine Ranikot Group deposited over the succession. Physiography and tectonic character of Indian Passive margin during its drifting towards north deduce its regional distribution, vertical & lateral sequences and style of sandstone bodies both in northern and southern depositional systems. Sandstones composition and petrography of these two systems are also significantly different. The sediments were supplied to the shallow marine deposits in Northern Depositional System from thermally uplifted Indian shield in the east as evidenced from persistent westward paleocurrent directions. Deep marine turbidite sands were sourced by north-northwest directed density currents. Uppermost parts of the Upper Cretaceous succession in Southern Depositional System contain an appreciable amount of volcanic fragments, which were most probably caused by Deccan Trap volcanism in south-southeast to the studied area. Low K2O/Al2O3 ratio in mudstones, high values of CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) and SiO2 – Al2O3+K2O+Na2O diagram suggest the initial feldspar deficiency was caused by intense chemical weathering due to warm humid paleoclimatic conditions in source area. Further reduction of feldspar was caused by long transport distance and most effectively by diagenetic dissolution, alteration and replacement. The sandstones have undergone intense and complex diagenetic changes due to framework composition of sandstones, burial depth and thrusting of Bela Ophiolites. The unstable grains like feldspar and lithic volcanic fragments were dissolved considerably and altered to a variety of clay minerals. Compaction, authigenic cementation, dissolution and grain fracturing are important diagenetic events identified. Calcite, quartz, clay minerals and iron oxide are the common authigenic cements. Dissolution and alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution were the main sources of quartz cements. Mechanical compaction, authigenic cements like calcite and quartz reduced the primary porosity of the sandstones, whereas, dissolution of feldspar and volcanic grains have enhanced and produced secondary porosity up to 15.53% (average 2.77 to 10.61%). Chlorite coating has prevented the quartz cementation, so some microporosity was preserved. Some microporosity in interbooklets of kaolinite is observed.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

حمدیہ

اے خالقِ حقیقی ہویدا ہے تیرا نام
وردِ زباں ہے تو کہ جلیسا ہے تیرا نام
زخموں کا اندمال ہے ایسا ہے تیرا نام
یعنی مداوا رنج و الم کا ہے تیرا نام
واحد ہے، لاشریک ہے، یکتا ہے صرف تو
تیرے سوا نہیں کوئی مولا ہے صرف تو

یکتا صفات و ذات میں تو اور صرف تو
پختہ ہر ایک بات میں تو اور صرف تو
رہتا ہے دن میں، رات میں تو اور صرف تو
بچتا ہے کیا ثبات میں؟ تو اور صرف تو
بس تو ہی لم یزل بھی ہے اور لا یزال بھی
تیری مثال کیا ہو کہ ہے بے مثال بھی

بخشا ہے تو نے ہی مجھے ایقانِ حسنِ ذوق
تیری ولا سے پایا ہے عرفانِ حسنِ ذوق
تیری عطا نے بخشا ہے ایمانِ حسنِ ذوق
تیرا ہے یعنی سب سروسامانِ حسنِ ذوق
تو نے کیا ہے ذہن کو بیدار اے خدا
اس پہ کرم کہ کر دیا سرشار اے خدا

Global Economic Policy Response in Asean Welcomes Changes in Market Behavior Towards the New Normal

This article addresses the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, normally used to determine how quickly economic growth has contracted in a region, i.e. Adverse growth. Thus, the Finance Ministers and the ASEAN Central Bank Governors have decided on a number of promises, including (1) that exceptional policy responses to resolve this pandemic would be washed away to restore economic activity. (2) to enhance the economic and financial monitoring efficiency of the area, and to promote readiness to act as an efficient financial safety net in the region and as an essential component of the global financial security net of the Chiang May Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM). (3) to facilitate greater intra-ASEAN exchange and investment by setting up eligible ASEAN banks (4) funding for local currency use programs for settlements, foreign investments and other operations between ASEAN countries, such as revenue and transfer transactions. (5) supports the advancement of partnership in the area of the funding of infrastructures, in the context of many recommendations to facilitate private investment growth, among other steps. (6) to promote initiatives to use digital financial services to enhance the financial inclusion of the area and to enhance cooperation on various cyber risk management material.

Evolving Trends in Independent Component Analysis With Application

The thesis is aimed to explore ICA to comprehend massive data fully. Financial time series’ data from KSE is used to compute ICs with JADE, SOBI, and FastICA algorithms and a deep insight of the series is targeted through study of the internal structure. Attempts from different directions are made to achieve the goal. Ordering of the ICs to define their priority in retention is addressed. A new regression based method is successfully introduced where regression coefficients obtained by regressing the original series on ICs are used. The magnitudes of the mixing coefficients are compared with regression coefficients for their compatibility to determine the order of the ICs. A novel approach, based upon comparing original and reconstructed series gauged through is proposed to decide how many ICs should be retained to reconstruct the series successfully. Identification of clusters is attempted to reduce the dimensionality in natural way. Two ICA based approaches namely adapted estimated mixing coefficients approach and ranked approach have been proposed and demonstrated. The first approach is based upon sum of squares of mixing coefficients whereas the second approach uses rank order of at predefined threshold levels. Internal and external structures of clusters are also explored through different metrics. Moreover, compatibility of the clusters is contrasted with the available grouping mechanisms. Keywords: Dimension Reduction; Financial Time Series; Ordering ICs; Reconstruction of Series; Regression; Clustering