المبحث الثالث: الأدب النسائي في اللغة الأردية
لقد تغیر أحوال الباکستان بعد توحیدہ وتغیر أحوال الناس والمجتمع۔۔۔ وحتی الأدب والشعر طرأ علیھما الکثیر من التغییرات وتغیرت لغۃ الغزل بعد ان کانت لغۃ جامدۃ قویۃ لا تقبل التغییر ولکن بعد توحید الباکستان أصبحت ھذہ اللغۃ مرنۃ متطورۃ تقبل التغیر، واختار الشعراء لغۃ سھلۃ وأسلوبًا رقیقًا وتعبیر ًامتناغمًا مع العصر والمجتمع وتغیرت موضوعات الغزل من تغیر الحالات والضروریات۔ واتسعت مجالات الأدب وتقدم الغزل وأقبلت التغییرات وتعرفت علی کلِ ما ھو مقبول ومعروف۔ وقام الكثير من الشعراء والشاعرات ينظمون قصائدهم في اللغة الأردية، ودخل في الشعر أسلوب مرن، سھل، لا صعوبۃ فیہ ولا تعقید، أسلوب قریب من النثر ویُقال لھذا النوع من الشعر في الأردو(نثري نظم) ویقال في الأدب العربي الشعر الحُر۔
وفي عام 1972دخل ھذا النوع الجدید من الشعر في الأدب الأردو وکون لنفسہ مکانۃ بین القُراء والأدباء وھذا النوع من الشعر (الشعر الحُر) یطابق العصر ویمکن أن یتناول مواضیع مختلفة متنوعۃ۔
تخلص الغزل الحديث من التکلفات والزخرفات وتقدم إلی التجرید مع أنھ يتناول الخیالات والأفکار والأحاسیس الجدیدة، والشاعرات الباکستانیات قد من الکثیر للأدب قبل توحید الباکستان ولکن کانت أفکارھن مقیدۃ بقیود المجتمع ومع ھذا حاولن الإعراب عن أفکارھن ومشاعرهن ولکن بعد التوحید تظاھرت النساء بجرأۃ أکبر وتناولن مواضیع أکثر وذلک حسب ضرورات المجتمع وخاصةً شاعرات اللغة الأردية . لأن بازدیاد الناس تزداد المسائل، وقد قدمت شاعرات العصر الجدید للأدب کل ما ھو جدید ومتطور ویقبل التغییر والتعدیل مع أفکارھن الجدیدۃ والفھم المتطور والذوق الرفیع والأسالیب الحدیثۃ والمواضیع المختلفۃ الموافقۃ للعصر الحدیث۔ ومن أھم ھؤلاء الشاعرات ادا جعفري، کشور ناھید، فھمیدہ مرزا اللاتي فتحن مجالًا کبیرًا لإدخال شاعرات جدیدات وبالفعل حصل ھذا وقد تم التعرف علی شاعرات متقدمات ومتطورات ذھنیاً وعقلیاً وعلمیاً وأدبیاً ومن بینھن (پروین شاکر) الإسم المتلألئ في عالم الأدب والشعر الحدیث۔
Signaficance of the Understanding of Intra-faith Similerties: Analytical Study in the Context of Pakistan Muslims are commanded to foster unity as breaking into sects is forbidden by Allah. Islam teaches about broadness of vision and the emergence of different denominations in Islam is because of this broadness. There are different school of thoughts that emerged due to the broader perspective of Shar’ῑah rulings like Hanfῑ, Shᾱfῑ, Mᾱlikῑ and Hanblῑ, J'afrῑ etc despite that there is an essential unity in beliefs and practices among the Muslims. They all worship Allah, follow the last Messenger, Muhammad (ﷺ) and the last revelation Qur’an. They face the same Qibla while praying, prostrate to Allah five times a day, and believe in finality of prophet hood. Qur'an and Ahᾱdῑth are a source of jurisprudence for all Muslims. The difference between Muslims is in understanding and interpreting the Scripture and Ᾱhᾱdῑth of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in the matters related with implementation of certain religious, social, political, and other duties. Islam rejects sectarianism, intolerance and extremism. Keeping in mind all of the above-mentioned points, in the article an attempt has been made to analyze the major challenges facing the intra-faith unity in Pakistan. The first is ignorance. Second is the role of media and scholars. Third is curriculum and fourth is intolerance. In the beginning the introduction of different schools of thought is given, and then forbearance demonstrated from the life of ‘Salaf Sᾱlihῑn’ has been described to establish an atmosphere of harmony in the present time, especially in Pakistan. The importance and significance of foundations of harmony is explained in such a manner that every Muslim should understand that the differences between the Muslims are very small, as they are only minor disagreements. Other than that, they are united in beliefs and practices. Finally, in the end, recommendations have been proposed.
Salinization is one of the environmental factorthat limits growth as well as yield of rice plants. Under stress tolerance plants change their growth along with various physiological and biochemical change. These changesresulted as activated signaling cascade and metabolic pathways. In this study, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors i.e. Neomycin(control and 100 µM) and U-73122 (Ethanol and 100 µM) were used as foliar applicationon rice (Bas-385, Bas-2000, Bas-370 and Shaheen) in saline conditions(control, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl). The trials were conducted in complete randomize design using four replications. Data for range of attributeshas been determined at vegetative and reproductive growth stage.Sodium chloridedecreased growth, water and osmotic potential, gas exchange characteristics, total soluble proteins and yield attributes while it increased chlorophyll a and b content, chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot root sodium, potassium, calcium ions, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glycinebetaine (GB) leaf free proline, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in both experiments. Foliar application of neomycin decreased shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b, Fv/Fm, stomatal conductance (gs), water and osmotic potential, root potassium, shoot calcium, MDA, H2O2, proteins while it increased shoot length, electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), co-efficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), shoot sodium, potassium, GB, free proline, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, SOD, POD, CAT, total number fertile tillers. Foliar applied U-73122 increased growth, chlorophyll a contents, qN, E, turgor pressure and sodium, potassium and calcium level, H2O2, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, grain number and 100 grains weight.It decreased chlorophyll b, A, water use efficiency (A/E), water and osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, free proline, MDA, proteins, SOD and POD activity and root calcium ion accumulation. Of all rice cultivars in the first experiment cv. Bas-2000 proved to be best in growth and yield attributes. In the second experiment cv. Bas-370 showed better results for growth, water relations and enzymatic antioxidant at both growth stages.