The role of females’ education in the social and economic growth of a country is well recognized. In Rural Pakistan, females are far behind in their education. The present study attempts to identify the community, household, parental and cultural determinants of the female educational attainment in the rural setting of Punjab, Pakistan. The households with at least one female child who had attained final educational level within the past five years in the rural areas of Jhang and Faisalabad constitute the population of the study. Triangulation approach consisting of quantitative and qualitative survey has been deployed for the study. For qualitative analysis, 50 information rich cases were selected from the population area using the snow-ball sampling technique. For quantitative analysis, a sample of 700 female children was selected from the rural areas of two districts (Faisalabad and Jhang) of central Punjab. Two towns (Lyallpur town and Chak Jhumra town) from district Faisalabad, while two tehsils (Jhang and Chiniot) were selected from district Jhang using the simple random sampling technique. The findings of qualitative approach reveal that distances of educational institutions for females, mothers’ illiteracy, poverty, child labour, unawareness of the heads of the households about the benefits of girls’ schooling and traditional attitude in terms of gender bias towards female schooling are the major hindrances in the educational attainment of rural females. The descriptive, inferential and qualitative analyses demonstrated that community, parental, economic and cultural factors are vitally important in explaining the female educational attainment in rural areas. The study found a negative effect of school distances on the educational attainment of the units of analysis. Higher Female Education Ratio (FER) of the village, better education of mother and father, higher income of the household, and innovative attitude and better awareness level of the Head Of the Household (HOH) emerged as significant predictors of the educational attainment of the units of analysis. A lower caste status of the family, child labour, higher chances of early marriage, and high gender bias level of the heads of the households had negative effect on the response variable.. Late age at enrolment of units of analysis caused their early dropout from schools. The results of the study are in close agreement with the theories of cultural reproduction (Bourdieu’s theory & Bernstein theory) and feministic approaches (radical, liberal and socialist feminisms). The research concluded that the trajectory of poverty, traditional thinking and low awareness viiiabout the benefits of females’ education are the close approximation of low educational attainment of rural females in the selected areas. Low education of parents, low social statuses of families and higher opportunity costs of girls also have a dampening effect on the females’ schooling in the study population. The qualitative descriptions of the key informants stressed establishing more secondary level schools for girls in rural areas. They also proposed introducing the ‘anjumans’ mean ‘local NGOs’ to increase the demand for female education among parents and to improve the situation of supply side factors in the community. The findings of the study suggest to plan programmes for poverty alleviation and to control the child labour in the rural areas. To change the perceptions of society about females and their education is the need of the hour. Government-private partnership campaign to increase the awareness about benefits of female education among male heads of the households and the families of low social status can increase the schooling participation of rural females.
رئیس احمد جعفری پچھلے دنوں پاکستان میں ہمارے ایک اورفاضل اورعزیز دوست رئیس احمد جعفری کابھی انتقال ہوگیا۔مرحوم نے تعلیم ندوہ اورجامعہ دونوں میں پائی تھی لیکن تکمیل کسی ایک جگہ بھی نہیں کی۔تحریر کاشوق اور سلیقہ شروع سے تھا اورآدمی تھے بڑے ذہین اور طباع! اس لیے اپنے مطالعہ اورمحنت کے بل بوتہ پر اردوزبان کے نامور ادیب اورمصنف بن گئے۔ ان کاقلم ہی ان کے لیے ذریعہ معاش تھا، اس لیے اگرچہ کوئی ڈھنگ کاعلمی اورتحقیقی کام نہیں کرسکے لیکن افسانہ وناول سے لے کرمذہب اورتاریخ وفلسفہ تک ہر موضوع پر چھوٹی بڑی کتابیں اس کثرت سے لکھی ہیں کہ اس وصف خاص میں ان کاکوئی معاصر ہمسری کادعویٰ نہیں کرسکتا۔ان کاقلم بڑاشگفتہ اوررواں دواں تھا ان کے ساتھ میراذاتی تعلق یہ تھا کہ مرحوم کے نانا سید امتیاز احمد صاحب (ریاض خیرآبادی مرحوم کے حقیقی بھائی) آگرہ میں کوتوال شہرتھے۔ان میں اور میرے والدصاحب قبلہ میں نہایت گہرے برادرانہ تعلقات تھے ۔کوتوال صاحب کے متعلقین ہمارے ہاں آتے اور ہفتوں قیام کرتے تھے ۔ اسی طرح ہم لوگ ان کے ہاں جاتے اور ہفتہ دو ہفتہ ٹھہرتے تھے۔رئیس احمد جعفری کوتوال صاحب (جن کومیں خالو کہتا تھا)کی پہلی بیوی کی لڑکی کے بطن سے تھے۔ان تعلقات کے باعث مرحوم جب تک دہلی میں رہے برابر آتے جاتے رہے ۔جب کبھی ملتے تھے بڑی محبت سے پیش آتے تھے۔ آخری مرتبہ دہلی آئے اور میں ان دنوں ہندوستان سے باہر تھاتولاہور جاتے ہوئے دفتر برہان میں میرے نام ایک خط چھوڑ گئے جس میں لکھا تھا بڑی حسرتوں اور تمناؤں کے ساتھ آیاتھا کہ تم سے ملاقات ہوگی مگر مایوس جارہاہوں۔اب میں بیمار رہنے لگاہوں ، نہ جانے کتنی اور باقی ہے۔البتہ یہ تمنا ضرور ہے کہ مرنے سے پہلے ایک مرتبہ تمہیں اور دیکھ لوں۔‘‘ صدحیف تمنا پوری نہیں ہوئی،اور وہ خدا کو پیارے...
This study aims to determine the blood sugar-lowering effect of Melastoma malabathricum L. Infusion on Mus musculus. The research design used was an experimental laboratory carried out in the pharmacology laboratory of the Ho Chi Minh City University. This study used 15 male mice which were divided into 5 groups consisting of group I as negative control by giving aquadest, groups II, III, IV were given infusion of Melastoma malabathricum L. Respectively 0.1 g/ml, 0.2 g/ml, and 0.4 g/ml, and group V as a positive control with glibenclamide suspension. The results showed that statistical testing using the SPSS program showed a significant difference (p <0.05), which means that senggani leaf infusion had a significant effect on reducing blood sugar levels in mice and the most optimal was 0.4 g/ml infusion.
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency in infants is a recognized cause of rickets. In the last few years, evidence has emerged of its association with lower respiratory tract infections, food allergy, type 1 diabetes, schizophrenia and various other extra skeletal health effects. Exclusively breastfed infants are especially vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency due to their dependence on previous trans-placental transfer of vitamin D from the mother, dietary vitamin D from breast milk and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D on exposure to sunlight. The worldwide epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the low content of vitamin D in breast milk underlie the high risk of deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Data regarding the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants in Kenya is needed to inform policies on supplementation of at risk groups. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants using 25(OH)D and to evaluate the relationship between PTH and 25(OH)D in a population of exclusively breast fed infants. Study Design: This was a cross sectional survey carried out in three to six month old exclusively breastfed infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods: Ninety-eight infants were enrolled in the study and all had data on their demographics and anthropometric measures recorded. Self-reported data on maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure was also collected. A brief physical examination to assess for skeletal signs of rickets was then performed. A blood sample was collected for measurement of serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate and PTH . Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was analyzed using proportions with 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/ml. PTH, calcium and phosphate levels in the vitamin D deficient and non-deficient groups were compared using analysis of variance(ANOVA). The level of 25(OH)D beyond which there was no PTH elevation was identified by drawing a scatter plot of PTH against vitamin D levels. Tests of association using odds ratio were used to determine the correlation between infant serum vitamin D levels and maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure. Skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency in this population were described using bar charts. Results: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants at Aga Khan University Hospital was 23.5% (95% CI 14.9%-32.0%). A further 31.6% were found to have insufficient levels of vitamin D leaving only 44.9% of the population classified as having sufficient levels.