This dissertation is an attempt to contribute theoretically and empirically in the area of research regarding financial liberalization and economic growth for Pakistan. On account of growing importance of financial liberalization in the promotion of growth in the developed and emerging economies and dearth of significant literature on this topic in the case of Pakistan, the present study examines the impact of financial liberalization on economic growth. The thesis investigates both the domestic and external components of the financial liberalization process and their impact on economic growth of Pakistan. The dissertation in particular develops an index of domestic financial liberalization using the technique of principal component analysis. The index captures the important dimension of reform process and quantifies the impact of domestic financial liberalization on growth. The external financial liberalization is examined through the de jure and de facto measures of external financial liberalization. The dissertation develops a quantitative measure of external financial openness through de jure approach on the basis of information under the capital account liberalization. The de facto measure of external financial liberalization is based on the work of Lane and Ferretti (2006) while the data for remaining years are updated utilizing their methodology. A joint impact of both the domestic and external components of financial liberalization (showing an overall impact of financial liberalization on growth) is also examined through the measure of domestic financial liberalization index and de facto measure of external financial liberalization. The results of the study indicate a positive impact of composite index of domestic financial liberalization on economic growth. External financial liberalization when measured through de jure approach positively impacts economic growth. However, the de facto measure shows a negative association between external financial openness and economic growth. The empirical results finally report an overall positive impact of financial liberalization on economic growth examined by including both the domestic and external components of financial liberalization. The positive impact of financial liberalization on economic growth is on account of financial intermediation, financial deepening and easy access to capital brought through domestic and external liberalization. However, to get more pronounced benefits out of liberalization process, financial sector needs more strengthening both at the domestic and external fronts.
یہ زخم اپنے دل کا تو سِل بھی سکتا تھا تُو کن اگر جو کہتا وہ مل بھی سکتا تھا پژمردہ سا یہ غنچہ ہم دل ہیں جس کو کہتے گر ساتھ وہ جو چلتا تو کھل بھی سکتا تھا
This study elaborates the difference and connection between modernism and postmodernism eras while highlighting their backgrounds. The research highlights the teachings of Islam in terms of modernism and postmodernism. The research brings to light the influence of modernism and postmodernism on Muslim societies. What are the far reaching impacts of the modernism and postmodernism eras of Muslim societies and how well a common Muslim is equipped to address the issues related to postmodernism. The study primarily focuses on the related issues in Pakistani society and explains the role and the influence of religious scholars of their understanding of the terms modernism and postmodernism. The study focuses on the awareness of the ’Ulamā in addressing these global challenges and subsequently the future of Pakistani society. The study has an element of quantitative research and it indicates towards the on ground realities on the issue with the help of a latest survey on modernism and postmodernism.
Iron (Fe) is a widely deficient micronutrient in agriculture particularly on alkaline and calcareous soils due to formation of insoluble compounds in soil as well its inactivation in plant body. Several soil-related characteristics may lead to development of Fe chlorosis. Prediction of development of Fe chlorosis on basis of single soil parameter is not easy for perennial crops. To cure Fe deficiencies, right choice of rootstock and efficient Fe sources for soil application need to be explored. The present project was designed to study the different soil Fe forms, soil properties and their relation with citrus leaf Fe. For soil solution Fe studies, Buchner Funnel Technique (BFT) was used to determine water soluble Fe in different soils and Fe buffer power of different soils. Different Fe sources were tested in their ability to provide soluble Fe over period of time. Responses of different citrus rootstock seedling were evaluated in calcareous medium. DTPA-extractable Fe and water soluble Fe though represents the available Fe in soils were found unable to justify the symptoms of Fe chlorosis on citrus leaves in our study. Ferrihydrite Fe oxide is the main source of soil Fe in calcareous soils and controls plant available Fe at each depth. Soil pH was found in inverse relation to leaf active Fe. Water soluble Fe extracted from different soils using BFT revealed that all soils were above the critical level of 1 μM Fe required for mass flow. While comparing different Fe sources, we found organic amendments better than inorganic amendments in their ability to supply Fe over long period of time. Inorganic Fe sources rapidly became insoluble regardless of soil type. Vivianite was found slightly resistant to oxidation as compared to FeSO 4 . Among chelates EDDHA is highly stable as compared to DTPA. Citrus rootstock seedlings responded differently with application of Fe with and without CaCO 3 in growth medium. Rootstocks differed in their ability to take up Fe from CaCO 3 medium and to efficiently utilize Fe. Rough lemon found to be efficient rootstock to cope Fe nutrition disorders