Good macroeconomic policies can be transformed into good economic performance. Fiscal policies whether public expenditures or revenues can actively be used to improve economic performance by the governments of the developing economies. The study has been constructed to explore the effects of fiscal variables in aggregate as well as in disaggregated form on private investment and economic growth. It covers the period from 1972 to 2007 in the context of Pakistan. Enhancement of private investment and fostering of economic growth in the economy will not only bring macroeconomic stability but also generate employment in the long-run. After establishing the integration order of variables, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration has been employed to find the long-run effects as well as short-run effects. In the first step, existence of long-run relationship has been determined by using bounds testing approach. Long-run coefficients and error correction term has been obtained in the second step. Modified accelerator model and neo-classical model have been used to find the empirical relationship between fiscal variables and private investment. The outcomes under different estimators of the accelerator investment model seem to largely confirm that fiscal variables play some role to stimulate private investment though some of theses variables have been found to be insignificant statistically. The results of the neoclassical model are largely in agreement to those under the accelerator model in terms of signs and significance. Both confirm the hypothesis of crowding-in effects of public investment in different sectors though weak statistically. Further, in order to find the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth, endogenous growth model has been used. The results imply that public expenditures are complementary to economic growth, though with weaker magnitude. Similarly, different components of taxation have weak and mixed effects on economic growth but taxes in aggregate form, though weak, have positive contribution towards economic growth.
محنت کامیابی کی ضمانت ہے نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’محنت کامیابی کی ضمانت ہے‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! اس کائنات میں ہرشخص یہ چاہتا ہے کہ میں کامیاب و کامران ہو جاؤں۔ میری کامیابی و کامرانی کے ڈنکے چار دانگ عالم میں بجنے لگیں۔ میری زندگی کامیابی سے گزرے۔ کسی میدان میں مجھے ناکامی کا منہ نہ دیکھنا پڑے۔ میرے دوست میرے ساتھ ہمیشہ تعاون کرنے پر آمادہ ر ہیں۔ اپنے اعداء اور مخالفین کو بھی معاونت پر آمادہ کرنے پر کامیاب ہو جاؤں۔ محترم صدر! یہ بہت کچھ یونہی نہیں ہوگا ۔اس کے لیے انتھک محنت کی ضرورت ہے۔ اس کے لیے شب و روز کوشش کی ضرورت ہے۔ اس کے لیے مسلسل تگ و دو کی ضرورت ہے۔ اس کے لیے عمل پیہم کی ضرورت ہے۔ اس کے لیے مساعی جمیلہ کی ضرورت ہے، جیسے جیسے ہم محنت کرتے جائیں گے کامیابی کے دروازے ہمارے لیے کھلتے جائیں گے۔ یقین محکم ، عمل پیہم، محبت فاتح عالم جہاد زندگانی میں یہ ہیں مردوں کی شمشیریں جنابِ صدر! اگر کوئی طالب علم تعلیمی میدان میں کامیاب ہونا چاہتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی سیاستدان میدانِ سیاست میں کامیابی و کامرانی کے جھنڈے گاڑھنا چاہتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی قانون دان اپنی عظمت کا لوہا منوانا چاہتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی کسان اپنے کھیت و کھلیان کو کشت ِزعفران بنانا چاہتا ہے تو سب کو درمحنت و مشقت پر دستک دینا ہوگی۔
صدرِذی وقار! قرآنِ پاک میں ارشاد ِباری تعالیٰ ہے کہ ’’لیس للانسان الا ماسعی‘‘ یعنی انسان کو وہی کچھ ملتا ہے جس کے لیے وہ کوشش کرتا ہے جس کے لیے تگ و دو کرتا...
Many people of literature deny the existenic of dramatic art in the classical poetry of Arabs. They provide proofs for their allegation. But the reality is contrary that for many reasons. In this we have provided the proof which will explore the fact that before the dawn of 20th century the Arabic poetry exists the dramatic art of literature
Iterative Methods for Solving Systems of Equations It is well known that a wide class of problems, which arises in pure and applied sciences can be studied in the unified frame work of the system of absolute value equations of the type Ax − x = b, A ∈ Rn×n , b ∈ R n . Here x is the vector in R n with absolute values of components of x. In this thesis, several iterative methods including the minimization technique, residual method and homotopy perturbation method are suggested and analyzed. Convergence analysis of these new iterative methods is considered under suitable conditions. Several special cases are discussed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the implementation and efficiency of these methods. Comparison with other methods shows that these new methods perform better. A new class of complementarity problems, known as absolute complementarity problem is introduced and investigated. Existence of a unique solution of the absolute complementarity problem is proved. A generalized AOR method is proposed. The convergence of GAOR method is studied. It is shown that the absolute complementarity problem includes system of absolute value equations and related optimizations as special cases