Psychosocial Nurturing of Children in Islam

Psychosocial nurturing of children is linked with Parenting and personality development theories and child development theories too report evidences of influences of parenting on children nurturing. The purpose of this paper is to explore existing parenting styles in current literature and how these parenting styles influence upon and form the personality of the children in their early years. The paper aims to examine parenting with reference to authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting and uninvolved parenting. It discussed the expectations and responsiveness of the parents which determine their behavior and style. Through parenting, psychosocial nurturing of the children is determined and it was explained in existing literature and analyzed in Islamic teachings. The study followed a critical interpretivist method which examined the literature and conducted content analysis. The study examines the parenting concept and parenting style in Islamic teachings. Islam lays special emphasis on communication and attitude of the parents towards their children particularly in early childhood. Parenting style in Islamic teaching displays a loving and guiding mode. It is less demanding and more responsive in early years. Parenting in Islamic teaching encourages developing tolerance, harmony and peace. It shows flexibility to accept children’s dispositions and tries to discipline their inner faculties. Islamic teachings expect from parents to be responsive with love and passion. It gives children freedom to talk, walk, think and act in a carefree environment where they can become socially and emotionally strong. Parenting in Islam accepts children’s interests and attitudes with positive responses and respects their rights with warmth and love. It particularly develops moral awareness so that children can distinguish between right and wrong and also understand that they need to abide by rules and regulations. Lastly literature also reports that parenting in Islam does not allow any sort of harassment, coercion, frightening and unjust environment for the little angels.

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis, Hemorrhagic Septicemia and Foot and Mouth Disease in Tharparker and Bhagnari Cattle Breeds of Pakistan

Pakistan has a big livestock population in all provinces. Cattle breeds infected by diseases according to their environment. Balochistan is the warmest region of Pakistan. We studied seroprevalence of Brucellosis, Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) and FMD in Tharparker and Bhagnari cattle breeds of Sindh and Balochistan province of Pakistan. Brucellosis is an infectious disease, mainly caused by Brucella abortus bacteria. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) is a major bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes, caused by Pasteurella multicoda. Foot and Mouth Disease is severe, highly contagious, viral disease. FMD affects cloven hoofed animals including cattle. Thirty five blood samples of Tharparker and Bhagnari cattle were collected from the Sindh and Balochistan province, respectively. These samples were diagnosed against Brucellosis, HS and FMD by using different serological tests. Brucellosis was diagnosed by RBP (Rose Bengal Plate) test and confirmed with ELISA test. Hemorrhagic Septicemia was diagnosed by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique. To diagnose FMD ELISA test was carried out. As a result, Brucellosis and HS was not found in all samples but 60 percent cattle were affected with FMD. It was recorded cattle were vaccinated against Brucellosis and HS. However, cattle were not vaccinated for FMD. So, It was concluded that Tharparker and Bhagnari cattle can be infected equally but on the basis of this study, Tharparker cattle sampled from different private farms was found more infected by with FMD because the Bhagnari cattle at Govt. Livestock farm was vaccinated routinely against FMD. This fact justifies that following study in the field of Brucellosis, HS and FMD identification will help to effectuate control measures. Regular disease surveillance was recommended to have a healthy cattle population.