This study deals with the flood risk modeling and management in Panjkora river Basin, eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan. The magnitude and frequency of disastrous floods have been increased during the past two decades mainly due to increasing intensity of rainfall recurrences, excessive melting of snow and glaciers in the upper catchment areas and hydrological response of the basin to extreme rainfall event. The geo-morphometric characteristics and unplanned anthropogenic activities particularly deforestation and encroachment onto the river channel have further intensified both flash and riverine flood events, and destructive to socio-economic and infrastructure sectors. To achieve the study objectives, geo-morphometric characteristics, hydrometeorological parameters (rainfall, surface runoff and discharge), infrastructure, land cover and socio-economic conditions were analysed. Geo-morphometric ranking model, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) hydrological model, Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) and Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s Geographic River Analysis System (HEC-GeoRAS) spatial hydrological models in integration with Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing and Global Positioning System (GPS) were used to estimate and geo-visualize flood risk. Parallel to this, a new approach of flood susceptibility modeling has been generated and applied.In this study, geo-morphometric ranking model has been applied to geo-visualize the spatial pattern of areas exposed to flood hazard in Panjkora Basin. In the study area, the estimated geographical area dominated by flash flood characteristics is 5345 Km2 (90.5%), whereas the remaining 560 Km2 (9.5%) has riverine flood characteristics. The degree of flash flood susceptibility calculated by integrating the outputs of geomorphometric ranking model and NRCS hydrological model in GIS environment. The spatial pattern offlash flood susceptibility has been categorized into very high, high, moderate, low to very low susceptibility zones, and spread over 27% (1441Km2), 36.5% (1950Km2), 23.4% (1252Km2), 11.3% (604Km2) and 1.8% (98Km2) of the geographical area of Panjkora Basin, respectively. The analysis revealed that the flood susceptibility increases with increase in geo-morphometric ranking number and surface runoff. In addition, Gumbel’s frequency distribution approach is used to analyze the instantaneous daily peak discharge maxima of the past 32 years. The hydrological and ix hydraulic data were entered as input parameters to quantify and geo-visualize the vertical profile and spatial extent of floods in the riverine zone of Panjkora River using HECRAS and HEC-GeoRAS in integration with GIS. The estimated magnitude of 200-years flood peak is 1392m3/sec having potential to inundate an area of 45.5km2 with maximum depth of more than 19m. Such nature of flood has potential to cause damages to 46 km road along river, 16 bridges, 46 culverts, 20.2 Km2 agricultural land and 10.4 Km2 builtup area in the riverine flood hazard zone. The average depth levels of 10-year, 25, 100, 150 and 200-year flood return are 2.7-meter, 3.5, 5.8, 7.2 and 9.3-m, whereas, average probable spatial extents of these floods are 1422-meter, 1490-m, 1840-m, 1980-m and 2600-m, respectively. Similarly, these floods can cause potential damages with estimated economic losses of 557.4million PKR, 955.3, 1981.2, 2689, 4420.5 and 6174million PKR, respectively. It was found from the analysis that in addition to other sectors human lives and infrastructure is at high risk in Panjkora Basin.The study has a strength and provides guidelines for disaster managers and decision-makers in devising location specific effective flood risk reduction strategies in the region. It was found that in the study area flood risk management requires integrated approach of flood risk modeling, flood forecasting, early warning system and flood combating system. This study has proposed flood risk management plan comprised of flood zone specific structural measures including suitable sites for multi-purpose dam, check dams, bio-check dams, protective walls, guided head spurs and bio-engineering measures, whereas non-structural measures includes installation of weather RADAR, automatic hydro-gauging stations and sensor based met stations are specifically recommended based on genesis and impact of floods.
Although Imam Qusṭalānī, in compiling his book "Al-Mawāhib Al-Laduniyat Bil Minḥ Al-Muhammadiyah", has followed the footsteps of Qazi Ayaz’s book Al- Shifā. But many chapters and information are unique to them and he has expanded this book with his additions and made it a treasure trove of information. This book is a beautiful fusion of the traditions of Muhaddithin and Ahl-e-Siyyar. Because he was not only a muhaddith but also a biographer. Were his greatest service in the learning of Hadith is "Irshad Al-Sārī Sharh Saḥiḥ Bukhārī", there his most significant service in Sira is this book. He has used the traditions of both the narrators and the Biographers in compiling it. In this book, the locks of meanings are opened with the keys of Fatḥ Al-Bārī Li Ibn-e-Hajar ‘Asqalānī. In other words, he has benefited a lot from Fatḥ Al-Bārī Sharḥ Bukhari and has gained a lot of confidence. A large number of scholars have used this book, including Shiblī Nu‘mānī, who has made extensive use of it in his Sirat un-Nabiﷺ . Due to its popularity, many of its rates have been written.
The most detailed of these is the Zurqānī rate of Qusṭalānī. The great scholar like Imam Zarqani has commented in eleven volumes of this book, which is proof of its authenticity, noteworthy, and worth reading and treasure. Sheikh Nūruddin Ṭrabulsī gave Sharh and great people like Safiuddin Qasashi, Burhanuddin Ibrahim Maimoni, Shamsuddin Muhammad Shobri Misri and Nooruddin Ali Qari embellished this book with their footnotes. On the one hand, it teaches love and respect for the Holy Prophet ﷺ and on the other hand, it mentions the rights of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the rewards for their payment. The writing style of the book is simple and smooth as well as eloquent and eloquent. The temptation is not so long that the length will be too long for the reader, nor is it so short that access to the concepts and demands will not be possible due to the brevity. The book has been read by the people and it has been adopted by biographers as an authentic and reliable source. Because of its importance and usefulness, an introductory and analytical study of this book will be presented in this article.
Coherent Control of the Goos-Hänchen Shift The coherent control of the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift has been investigated when a probe light is incident on a cavity which contains dispersive atomic medium. We consider different atom-field configurations for the intracavity atomic medium, i.e., electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), Raman gain process and double L (duplicated two-level). The sub- and super-luminal pulse propagations which correspond to normal and anomalous dispersion, respectively, through a dispersive atomic medium can be coherently controlled without changing the structure. This is due to the manipulation of group index of the dispersive atomic medium via different parameters associated with the driving fields, i.e., intensity, detuning and phase shift. In this research thesis, we use these facts and report coherent control of the GH shift in the reflected and transmitted light when the light is incident on a cavity containing dispersive atomic medium. The positive and negative GH shifts in the reflected and transmitted light corresponding to the sub- and super-luminal propagation of the pulse, respectively, could be observed. We consider a cavity which is consisted of an intracavity medium and two dielectric slabs being the walls of the cavity. The thickness of each dielectric slab is d 1 and length of the intracavity medium is d 2 , i.e., the total length of the cavity is L = 2d 1 + d 2 . A TE-plane polarized probe light is incident on the cavity. We consider two types of intracavity media, i.e., three- and four-level EIT atomic configuration. Following the EIT configuration of the atom-field system inside the cavity, we observe a coherent control of the GH shifts via the intensity and detuning of the driving fields. We observe negative and positive GH shift in the reflected beam via intensity of the driving fields, however, only positive GH shift is observed in the transmitted light. This is due to the fact that the group index of the cavity which includes the dielectric slabs and intracavity medium becomes negative and positive for the corresponding negative and positive group index of the intracavity medium, respectively, however, it remains positive for the transmitted light. xTo reduce the strong absorption during super-luminal propagation of light, we suggest a gain-assisted model to control the GH shifts which is experimentally more viable scheme. In this scheme, a similar kind of control over sup- and sub- luminal light propagation can be achieved using three- and four-level atoms inside the cavity following one and two-photon Raman transitions. Both atomic systems exhibit gain-assisted super-luminal propagation of the light. First we consider three-level atomic system and observe a control over GH shift in the reflected and transmitted light via probe field detuning and intensity of the control field using three-level system. We observe negative GH shifts in the transmitted light and both positive and negative GH shift in the reflected light via manipulation of the optical susceptibility of the atomic medium. This is again due to the fact that the group index of the total cavity remains negative for the transmitted light whereas it could be positive and negative for the reflected light. Next, we consider four-level atomic system with N-type configuration and study the behavior of spatial as well as angular GH shifts for different choices of the control field. Finally, we consider a duplicated two-level atomic system, which is a degenerated double lambda system, inside the cavity and study the GH shift behavior corresponding to the super- and sub-luminal propagation of an incident Gaussian- shaped probe light. The system has a coherent control over the group velocity via the phase shift associated with the driving and probe fields and is independent of the intensity of the field in the low optical regime. We study influence of the width of the incident Gaussian probe light on GH shift and distortion. We observe a strong dependence of the GH shift and distortion of the pulse on the width of the incident light.