المیول الی التطرف الدینی العصری فی الدول الاسلامیة والغربیة: الاسباب و معالجتها فی ضوء السیرۃ

That is the discussion about “The attitudes (inclinations) towards causes : modern religious extremism in Islamic and western countries and it’s treatment” is not a new topic for us, when we look into the history, there are lot of discussions and debates and the other things are carried out in all over the world and there are lot of solutions which have been solved through the discussions and certain rules have been found after their discussions. This article overviews Islamic, religious, historical, social aspects and also has about the attitudes (inclinations) towards modern religious extremism in Islamic and western countries: causes and its treatment”, this article grapes the reality in the light of Quran and Sunnah (SAW). The religious extremism is the dark darkness that pervades the world today in its blackness, in the world, and religious extremism exists in all religions, but especially in the heavenly religions. Where religious extremism means the extremism of a person or group of a certain faiths or even of a particular dogma. Religious extremism is almost the most important concern for the people at present.

Phytosociological Attributes of Different Vegetational Zones of Nandiar Khuwar Catchment Area

This dissertation communicates an analytical exploration of the vegetational profile of Nandiar Khuwar Catchment area, District Battagram, Pakistan. The Nandiar Khuwar Catchment starting from the alpine pastures in the east and stretches towards the famous Indus River in the west. The area provides a variety of geo-climatic regimes within a sharp relief of 525-3817m with total land area of 1301km2. Based upon physiognomy of the vegetation, the study area was divided into 80 stands. Sum 324 vascular plants species belong to 97 families were recorded among which, 157 plant species medicinally important. The most diverse stand was Rajmira followed by Jaro in term of Shannon Diversity Index and Species Richness. The widely distributed species in the study area were Fragaria nubicola and Adiantum capillus-veneris recorded in 53 stands out of 80 stands. With respect to phenology, the maximum plant species flowered in April-July (68.5%) and maximum plant species showed fruiting in May-August. Among life form classes, phanerophytes were dominant with 118 (36.4%) followed by therophytes group with 82 (24.05%) species. The leaf size spectra were dominated by microphyll with 137 (40.2%) followed by mesophyll having 103 species i.e. 30.2%. The TWINSPAN classification sorted out vegetation of the area into 13 plant communities. Six sub communities were identified in subtropical zone, 4 in mixed Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana forests, 5 in pure Pinus wallichiana forests, 4 in western mixed coniferous forests, 3 in pure Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana forests and 2 plant communities were identified in alpine zone. The index of similarity was maximum (35.7%) for Wikstroemia, Viburnum, Androsace and Juniperus, Sibbaldia, Primula communities. Ordination analyses of the data provided a compositional response with a gradient of 6.4 SD units long. The total variance (inertia) in the species data was 7.07. Bray-Curtis ordination score was maximum for axis 1 (0.96) having regression coefficient -54.1 and variance in distance were 2.5. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA ordination) produced a maximum gradient length of 6.3 recorded for axis 1 with eigenvalue of 0.71. DCA clustered xv different species having similar habitats and different stands having common species. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA ordination) showed that plant species and stands were in linear combination with environmental variables. Acacia modesta and Ficus carica was positively correlated with temperature. Betula utilis, Juniperus communis, Ciminalis karelinii and Wulfenia amherstiana species were negatively correlated with temperature. Conservation status of the plants species recorded for the area showed that 10 species fall under critically endangered and 12 more species fall under endangered categories. Major threats recorded for the flora were habitat losses, excessive logging, selective and unscientific collection of herbs, over grazing, erosion, environmental changes and introduction of exotic taxa. We concluded that Nandiar Khuwar Catchment has great potential for conservation of the native species of the Western Himalayan Ecoregion. The conservation issues needs to be addressed through devising strategies for protection, recovery and rehabilitation of the threatened species within their respective stands.