Pakistan is food self-sufficient especially Punjab which is leading producer of major food crops in Pakistan. Despite the fact that Punjab is leading producer of food, a considerable portion of its population is reported food insecure in previous studies especially in rural areas where food is actually being produced. Different percentages of food insecure population/households are reported, this difference is due to the measuring instruments used to assess food security status. Food security is a multifaceted issue and have different aspects like availability, accessibility and utilization. No single indicator of food security can take into account all the aspects of food security.There is need to measure food security using multiple methods simultaneously to get a clearer picture of food security status. Also, the aspect of hygiene was largely ignored by previous studies. This study aimed at examining food security and hygiene conditions among farmer and non-farmer rural households of the Punjab, Pakistan. Three measurement methods i.e. DIA (Dietary Intake Assessment), HFIAS (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale) and HDDS (Household Dietary Diversity Score) were used to measure food security status of the households. An index was created containing 4 components (i.e. water, food, personal and household hygiene) to measure hygiene.Primary data was collected from three regions of the Punjab (i.e. North, Central and South Punjab). Two districts from each region were selected randomly and then one Tehsil was selected from each of the selected districts. Four villages from each selected Tehsils were selected randomly and a sample of 24 households (12 farmer and 12 non-farmer) were selected from each village randomly. This made an overall sample of 576 households. An interview schedule was used for data collection. Results of all three measuring methods showed that farmer households are more food secure than non-farmer households. According to DIA, 38.9% farmer and 45.5% non-farmer households were food insecure, according to HFIAS, 45.1% farmer and 51.7% non-farmer households were food insecure and according to HDDS, 57.3% farmer and 65.3% non-farmer households were food insecure. South Punjab was found the most food insecure region followed by Central Punjab and North Punjab was comparatively the most food region. Prevalence of food insecurity varied for each measuring method but pattern was same. A strong correlation between three measuring methods was found. Family structure, family size, income, education and age of household head, dependency ratio and ownership of livestock were found significant determinants of food security status of farmer and non-farmer households. The importance of these determinants varied for farmer and non-farmer households. On average farmer households had better hygiene status. Income, education of household head and age of household head were found significant for hygiene status of households. Hygiene and prevalence of diarrhea were also found significant.
کائنات کے اندر اللہ تعالیٰ نے مختلف صلاحیتوں کے حامل افراد کو پیدا فرمایا ہے۔انہی صلاحیتوں کی بنا پر معاشرے میں ہر شخص کی پہچان اور مقام و مرتبہ ہے۔ہر انسان کے بات سنانے یا بات کرنے کا اپنا اپنا انداز ہوتا ہے۔کوئی دھیمے لہجے میں بات کرتا ہے۔تو کوئی انتہائی جارہانہ لہجے میں دو ٹوک الفاظ میں بات کرنے کا عادی ہوتا ہے۔کوئی شخص اپنی بات کی مثالیں دے کر گھما پھرا کر بات کرتا ہے۔انداز کوئی بھی اپنایا جائے مقصد اپنی بات کو دوسرے فرد تک پہنچانا ہوتا ہے۔ہزاروں لوگوں میں کوئی شخص ایسا بھی ہوتا ہے جس کا بات کرنے کا الگ ہی انداز ہوتا ہے۔جب وہ گفتگو کرتا ہیتودھنک کے رنگ بکھیر دیتا ہے۔باتوں سے خوشبو آتی ہے ایسا ہی ایک شخص "عامر خان وسیر" بھی ہے جو اپنے خوبصورت انداز بیان سے نہ صرف لوگوں کے دلوں میں جگہ بنا لیتا ہے بلکہ مسحور کن باتوں سے کسی کو بور بھی نہیں ہونے دیتا۔
عامر خان وسیر کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے جہاں بہت سی صلاحیتوں سے نوازا ہے وہاں ایک صلاحیت شاعری کی بھی بخشی ہے۔جہاں تک میں نے انکی شاعری پڑھی ہے۔انکی شاعری میں ہر رنگ نظر آتا ہے۔انکی غزلیات،نظموں ،قطعات اور فردیات پر مشتمل شاعری ’’مجھے مان تجھ سے وفا کا تھا‘‘ کے روپ میں چھپ کر سامنے آئی ہے۔ان کی شاعری کا یہ پہلا مجموعہ ہے۔اس مضمون فردیات کے موضوعات اور سراپا نگاری پر بحث ہوگی۔
سراپا نگاری شاعری کا ایک ایسا موضوع ہے جس پر ہر شاعر طبع آزمائی کرتا نظر آتا ہے۔اپنے محبوب کی تعریف کرنا ہر شخص کو اچھا لگتا ہے۔اچھا کیوں نہ لگے کیوں کہ وہ اپنے محبوب کے پیار میں اس قدر ڈوب جاتا ہے کہ اسے اپنے محبوب سے...
The aim of this research is to accumulate the literature related to an Islamic ideology for two of the basic components of a State, Governance and Judiciary; both have a strong impact on society. Pakistan is an Islamic ideological state, the only Islamic rule created on the name of religion after the state established by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) in Medina. Its constitution and the style of governance should have its foundation based upon the principles of Islam; this is the main concept behind the creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. The paper will review some of the basic requirements for an administrative system to be qualified as Islamic way of governance and the judicial system in Islam includes the formulation of a comprehensive ideology of human equality and justice; the creation of a powerful incentive to adopt this ideology; and to establish a living example of equality and justice at all levels of life by defining the Islamic Judicial System & Its Legal Basis. Different Quranic verses, sayings and acts of Muslim jurists in this perspective are also studied. The paper has literature review in two major parts, first we will cover governance and Islam along with some basic terminologies from Islamic point of view and in the later part Judiciary, the concept of Justice and Judicial system in Islam will be discussed.
In the gene vitamin D receptor (VDR) the polymorphisms have been reported by several studies to be linked with urolithiasis in various ethnic groups worldwide. This is preliminary report of investigating the role of VDR gene polymorphism in infantile urolithiasis in Punjabi population of Pakistan. In the present study, we examined the VDR gene polymorphism (TaqI) on PCR-RFLP based in seven families with positive family history of renal stone formation from Punjab province of Pakistan. The analysis showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) followed HWE that p > 1.00. The allelic and genetic frequency varied significantly among patients and controls. Controls were with higher frequency of TT genotype whereas patients were with both CT and CC genotype. Genotype CT Taq-I and CC Taq-I demonstrated significantly higher risk (?2=57.778, df=2, ?2/df=28.89, P(?2 > 57.778) = 0.0000). Variant C allele of Taq-1 polymorphism exhibited higher risk (?2=60.379, df=1, ?2/df=60.38,P(?2 > 60.379) =0.0000). Therefore it was observed that Taq-I polymorphic site on VDR gene was significantly associated with the urolithiasis in studied patients (p< 0.01). Further, patients with combination of CC and CT of Taq-I increase the risk of renal stone. Overall, the present results suggested the Taq-1 VDR genotype could be candidate gene leading to infantile urolithiasis.