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Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Preparations for Weight Loss

Thesis Info

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Author

Rahat, Amina

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11306/1/Amina%20Rahat_Home%20Eco_2017_UoPeshawar_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724725459

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This study was aimed to prepare polyherbal formulations for weight loss considering six herbs: Allium sativum, Plantago ovata, Nigella sativa, Carum copticum, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Syzygium aromaticum. This study was carried out in five phases: Preparation and formulation, Pharmacological and biological activities, Phytochemical investigations, efficacy trial on animals (rabbits and guinea pigs) and human trials. Irradiation was performed using “Cobalt 60” (dosages of 10 and 5 kGy) as the source on polyherbal formulations for shelf life extension before using in efficacy trial. Crude methanolic extract (Crd. MeOH Ext.) and different fractions of all selected plants were investigated for various pharmacological and biological activities including, antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal. The pharmacological / biological investigations revealed that C. copticum possesses significant antifungal activity in Crd. MeOH Ext. against Trichoderma harzianum (91%), while Crd. MeOH Ext. of S. aromaticum showed significant activity against Penicillium oxalicum (85%), chloroform (CHCl3) extract of A. sativum showed significant activity against Verticillium lecanii (87%), Crd. MeOH Ext. of N. sativa showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (89%), Proteus mirabilis (96%), Bacillus cereus (89%) and Xanthomonas oryzae (88%). The plant materials showed significant phytotoxic effects against Lemna minor at higher concentrations; Crd. MeOH Ext. of N. sativa showed good growth regulation (75%) at 1000 µg/mL, moderate growth regulation (50%) at 100 µg/mL and low growth regulation in aqueous fraction (30%) at 10 µg/mL concentrations;Crd. MeOH Ext. of A. sativum, C. copticum and S. aromaticum showed significant insecticidal activity (90, 90 and 100%, respectively) against Tribolium castaneum. The phytochemical investigations showed that the quantity of tannin (0.54 mg/100 g), alkaloids (0.45 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (0.058 mg/100 g) was increased by the use of irradiations while vitamin C showed a slight decrease of 5 mg/100g. Efficacy trials on animals showed decrease in body weight and cholesterol level, while increased serum glutamic transaminase (SGPT) level. The alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels were normalised by the use of polyherbal formulations. Haemoglobin and platelets were increased in number, while monocytes, eosinophil, neutrophils and lymphocytes remained unchanged in both rabbits and guinea pigs. Human efficacy trials by use of polyherbal formulations for a period of two months exhibited decrease in body weight, body measurements, low density lipoprotein (LDL), alkaline phosphatase, fasting glucose and total cholesterol levels, while increase was observed in platelets count, haemoglobin level and high density lipoprotein (HDL) level. No changes were reported for monocytes, eosinophil, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts. For shelflife extension, the polyherbal formulations were exposed to different irradiation doses of 10 and 5 kGy (source: Cobalt 60) and then compared with un-irradiated samples. In this case, same results were found. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used for the calculation of results; two-way, one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests were used (P< 0.05).
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کھیلوں کا کردار پر اثر

کھیلوں کا کردار پر اثر
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’کھیلوں کا کردار پراثر ‘‘
معزز حاضر ین!
جہاں تک کردار کا تعلق ہے یہ قوموں کی زندگی میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ تعلیمات اسلام اور عبادات دین کا اگربنظرِ غائرمطالعہ اور مشاہدہ کیا جائے تو جو چیز سامنے آتی ہے وہ اچھے کردار اور اخلاق کی تخلیق ہے۔ جملہ احکام الہیہ بھی ایک انسان میں اچھے کردار اور اخلاق کے متمنی ہیں۔ اورقرآن جس کا موضوع انسان ہے وہ بھی ایک اچھے انسان کا خواہش مند ہے۔ جو دین ودنیا میں ہرلحاظ سے کامیاب ہو۔بقول شاعر:
بات کردار کی ہوتی ہے وگرنہ عارفؔ
قد میں انسان سے سایہ بھی بڑا ہوتا ہے
ذہین انسان ہی با کردار ہوتا ہے۔ ماہر نفسیات کہتے ہیں کہ ذہن جب باہر آتا ہے تو کردار بن جاتا ہے کردار جب اندر جاتا ہے تو ذہن بن جاتا ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
یہ موضوع بہت طویل ہے میں صرف مذکورہ موضوع پر چند گزارشات پیش کرنا چاہتا ہوں۔ تاریخِ اقوام عالم پر نظر دوڑائیں تو کاروبار اور محنت و مشقت کے ساتھ ساتھ آپ کو ایسے لمحات بھی دکھائی دیں گے جن میں تفریح اور کھیل کودکے سوا کچھ نہیں ہوگا۔ کھیل کود کا تصور اسلام میں بھی موجود ہے کہ محسنِ کائنات حضرت محمدؐ نے بھی تیرا کی اور دوڑ کے مقابلوں میں حصہ لیا۔ کھیل اور تفر یحی پروگرام کردار پر بڑا اچھا اثر ڈالتے ہیں۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ دیگر ممالک کی طرح پاکستانی نظام تعلیم میں اور اوقات تعلیم و تدریس میں بھی باقاعدہ ڈرل کا پیریڈ ہوتا ہے۔...

Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Parity in Developing Asia

The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.

Mangroves of the Active Indus Delta - Changes and Their Cause

Extensive GIS and field studies of Indus delta were conducted during 2005-08 to determine the influence of reduced flow of river Indus on dynamics of Indus delta changes as well as of its vegetation degradation during 49 years period from 1953 to 2001. There was huge loss of 67% in dense forests with slight reduction of 23% in the river flow in initial 25 years period whereas there was a minor loss of only 9% of dense forests in spite of huge reduction of 57% of river flow in next 24 years period. It was noted that lagged effect of river water dilution remained variably effective from 5-7 months after floods. It was further determined that Indus delta mangrove forests were not degraded due to higher salinity levels. Comparative figures for different parameters of forest cover, forest density, annual growth rate as well as Shannon’s diversity Index H (richness) and E H (evenness) for least flooded zone (23.12 ppt) and most flooded zone (18.74 ppt) were 60.58 vs. 56.19, 598 vs. 202, 17.46% vs. 18.08%, 0.45 vs. 0.08 and 0.40 vs. 0.07 respectively. It was determined that reduced flow of river Indus had no adverse effect on delta erosion, accretion as well as mangrove forest degradation as such. It was apparent that biological interventions of various nature and magnitude were responsible for the said degradation.